World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

World Politics - Essay Example The developing nations have to adopt policies that conform to the standards required by superpowers. However, evidence shows that terrorism is one of the latest factors to have influenced the formulation of foreign policies. Terrorism doesn’t make a distinction between a superpower and a developing nation. For this reason, nations have come together to fight the common enemy. Although it has been the hardest task, most nations have proved to be resilient in the fight and have vowed to bring to justice, those suspected to be terrorists and their sympathizers. Nation’s foreign policies are major components in world politics (Duncan, Jancar-Webster & Switky, 2009). A nation’s foreign policy determines how it relates with other nations (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2014). Most foreign policies consist of a number of strategies chosen by a nation with regard to its interests. These policies help in the maintenance of relations with other nations and the achievement of a nation’s goals. The interaction is moderated in order to gain maximum benefits on international cooperation. The governments incorporate high level decision bodies to help them make the soundest decisions. According to Duncan, Jancar-Webster and Switky, â€Å"foreign policy is put into play by the world’s states, but other players, such as Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)†¦.may also make decisions that affect the foreign policy of states† (2009, p. 131). Foreign policies were introduce d during the world wars. Most nations took the step in order to improve the relations between them and prevent potential wars. There are various factors that influence the foreign relations of a nation; these factors determine how a nation will treat the other and ensure that it conducts itself in such a way that it remains relevant to other nations as well as its citizens. Terrorism: The

Loss Control Essay Example for Free

Loss Control Essay This report is basically â€Å"A short History of Fire loss control efforts in the United States†. It includes a historical overview of the situation in the area of minimizing loss of life and property in the early 20th Century, the paper starts with a brief over view of the principle of loss control and the causes for incidents that occur due to various factors, briefly describes the level of expertise and methods being used in that era to apply the principle of fire loss control. For the purpose of which information was obtained through the NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology) about the available options to planners to minimize the chances and level of destruction due to accidental fires. The paper then shifts the focus on the 21st century and new innovations and options that have revolutionized the efforts of fire loss control. It also briefly mentions the recent technological advancements that are very promising for the new future and have tremendous potential to effectively reduce the occurrence and consequences of such incidents. Loss Control The concept of loss control basically deals with the formulation of strategies, systems and procedures to reduce or completely eliminate the occurrence of incidents which are undesirable and may cause loss of life and property resulting in massive disruptions and costing a large amount of money. (Fire. gov, 1) Mainly these incidents fall into three basic categories which may end up resulting in occurrence of such incidents: 1. Lack of Control †¢ Insufficient Systems Systems are in place but they are insufficient to deal with various unforeseen eventualities resulting in failure to muster an adequate response in order to control and minimize the extent of loss of life and property †¢ Insufficient Standards The standards and benchmarks in place to handle a situation and the guidelines which are in place are insufficient and the standards doe not satisfy the minimum international benchmarks set to deal with situations causing losses. †¢ Non- Compliance with Standards A situation where although the adequate standards are in place but they are not being enforced or followed by the people who are responsible to ensure enforcement and compliance with the standard practices. 2. Basic Causes If careful analysis is undertaken we come to the conclusion that there are usually two basic categories of basic causes that are responsible for incidents taking place resulting in substantial losses 1. Personal Factors The personal factors consist of inadequate knowledge on part of the people working in the work environment which generally gives way to incidents and then inadequate knowledge about how to react a developing incident hence it can be blamed on personal incompetence. 2. Environmental Within environmental factors things like inadequate engineering, equipment, leadership, hence at a critical time the failure of equipment or any resulting malfunction due to faulty engineering or bad leadership decisions can cause incidents to spiral completely out of control and magnify the resultant loss of life n property. 3. Immediate Causes †¢ Substandard Acts (Behavior) This area deals with the behavioral and factors of irresponsible actions on part of individuals, first and foremost factor that comes to mind is the improper use of equipment causing danger not only to one’s own self but also to people working in surrounding areas †¢ Improper Lifting/Failure to lock Out equipment/ Using Equipment improperly FIRE LOSS CONTROL Every year about 2 billion dollars of renovation, reconstruction and destruction and loss of countless lives due to incidents of fire in the United States takes place. Developed Facilities including buildings, of various types and the service systems functioning within them, as well as utilities for transportation, public facilities, power generation, communication systems, water supply and water treatment systems, and waste disposal) (NIST Research, 1) These facilities and systems are a Nation’s wealth, which are valued around $25 trillion dollars, with an average investment of $1 trillion annually employed in new construction, expansion and renovation amounting to about one-eight of the GDP. The quality of these systems and facilities are vital and fundamental to industrial productivity, progress and development and the level of quality of life enjoyed by the masses. The safety of these vital installations from accidental fires and other similar natural, incidental and willful hazards and dangers is critical and extremely significant for the safety of life, avoidance and prevention of injuries, protection and maintenance of property, and the most important issue which is the issue of national security. The basic phenomena around Fire’s include ignition which is largely unintended and accidental, growth due to the unintended materials fueling the fire and ultimately the usage of extinguishing materials suppression of fires, the effects on people and the general public of fires and combustion products, and the resultant negative effects on society of destruction caused by fire and the ensuing losses and investments in fire safety. The various aspects involved in the performance of developed and constructed facilities involve important and critical factors like structural stability which means the structures should be strong enough to sustain and withstand very high temperatures and should not collapse under intense heat, durability and strength of materials and equipment vital for safety and security of the structures and the human lives depending on them, environmental controls which are in place for building occupants in order to ensure their safety and security, functionality intended for the express purpose of the facility, the included costs of construction of the structures, operations within these facilities and structures, maintenance and renovation of facilities making them safe and secure and resistant to any accidental damage, and all other social and environmental effects. (Richardson, 30) This paper basically provides an overview of the history of the fire loss controls efforts in the United State s resulting from research and development and new techniques and fire control technologies.

Errors And Failures During Oil Well Drilling Engineering Essay

Errors And Failures During Oil Well Drilling Engineering Essay This paper provides a general overview of errors and failures during drilling and tripping operations in the oil industry. The overview is presented in a tabular format for quick and easy reference. The work makes a clear distinction between errors and failures and how errors may possibly lead to drilling failures. A classification of drilling failures with their signs and symptoms as well as the possible causes of these failures is included in the overview. The overview may help during a thorough audit of failures that are encountered during a drilling operation. Developing a list of possible failures during drilling with a description of basic observatory signs and symptoms of their occurrence is the crucial first step in minimizing Non Productive Time (NPT) during drilling operations. Keywords: Drilling, Error, Failure, Tripping 1. Introduction The oil industry is unarguably one of the most complicated industries which face so many challenges yet functions as efficiently as possible. This assertion is true because the primary object of interest to the petroleum engineer cum the industry is located thousands of feet beneath the earths surface. This is accompanied by varying conditions of temperature and pressure as well as other geological factors. A combination of these factors makes the subject of understanding the process of getting at the object of interest complex to drilling engineers. The elusive nature of this understanding makes drilling operations encounter failures. These failures range from drill tool/equipment breakdown, wellbore or formation collapse, lost circulation, kicks and blowouts. Suffice it to say that these failures cost the industry valuable drilling time running into billions of dollars annually. It is against this background that this work on drilling failures is looked into. The primary focus of this work therefore is to improve the drilling process, by designing a good approach to identify all possible failures, how and when they occur, and most importantly their root causes. This would be done from a taxonomic perspective. This would involve classifying failures in the industry in their natural groups and isolating their possible causes, the key indicators to such failures as well as the errors leading to the failures. 2. Reported Cases of Failures in the Oil Industry To put the cases of failure in the right perspective, it is necessary to first define failure and error as it applies to oil well drilling operations. Schlumberger (2012) in their oil field glossary webpage defines failure in drilling as: Failure to meet the defined drilling objective. Deviation in the expected TD depth /run length Deviation in the expected performance (penetration rates, directional, power use) Error as defined by Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, is a mistake especially one that causes problems or affects the result of something. In todays error classification systems, error can mean several things: Error as the cause of failure. For example: This event was due to human error. Classifications rely on this definition when seeking the cause of operator error in, for instance, a supervisors failure to provide guidance (Shappell Wiegman, 2001.). Error as the failure itself. For example: The operators decision was an error (e.g. Helmreich, 2000). Classifications rely on this definition when categorizing the kinds of observable errors operators can make (e.g. decision errors, perceptual errors, skill-based errors) (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001). Error as a process, or, more specifically, as a departure from some kind of standard. This standard may consist of operating procedures. Violations, whether exceptional or routine (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001), or intentional or unintentional (Helmreich, 2000), is one example of error according to the process definition. Depending on what we use as standard, we of course come to different conclusions about what is an error. Based on the above definitions, the following are the reported cases of failures in the oil industry. The most recent case is the Gulf of Mexico oil disaster in 2010. Though the immediate and remote causes of the incident still remains a subject of controversy, the fact remains that the incident makes the subject of failures in the oil industry a relevant one. Shokir (2004) listed the following actual failure cases that occurred in Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) in Gulf of Suez area and Western Desert area. These are cases 1 to 5. Case #1 This development well drilled in the Western Desert Concession in the onshore Abul-Gharadig area in 1991. Egyptian drilling company Rig No.8 (EDC-8) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 10,616 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,503 ft to 10,616 (TD) through the Limestone of Abu Roash formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, lost 350 psi. When pulling out of hole, washout in Shock Sub was detected Case #2 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Ramadan area in 1993. Pyramid drilling Rig (Bennevis) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,504 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,805 ft to 10,823 through the Shale and Limestone of Mheiherrat formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, lost 300 psi. Pull out of hole, found vertical crack in the top joint of heavy weight drill pipe. Case #3 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Hilal area in 1993. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Mercury) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 10,267 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 8,747 ft to 8,961 through the Limestone of Rudeis formation with rotary bottom hole assembly- and water base mud, lost 600 psi. Pull out of hole, found hole in the drill pipe near the surface. Case #4 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore October area in 1995. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Comet) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 16,080 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,035 ft to 10,239 through the Anhydrite of South Gharib formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and oil base mud, lost 300 psi. Pull out of hole, found the short drill collar cleaned smooth cut 0.3 ft from the boxfish neck area. Case #5 This Exploratory well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Badri area in 1995. Santa Fe International Rig No.124 was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,480 ft. While drilling 12.25 inch hole from 12,417 ft to 12,480 through the Salt with Shale, Limestone and Sand Streaks of Ayun Musa formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, had very hard back ream and very high torque, pump pressure dropped 1200 psi. Pull out of hole; found the drill string backed off at the short drill collar. CASE # 6 Horbeek et.al (1995), in their work cited Shell Expros effort in 1991 to tackle drillstring failures in their operations. This they did by carrying out autopsies. The autopsies confirmed what they had long been suspected: fatigue particularly BHA connection fatigue was the main cause of failure. Table1 briefly summarizes the autopsies carried out from 27/5/1992-1994. Failures in the BHA accounted for 79%, whilst drillpipe accounted for 21%of the total failures for this period. BHA connection fatigue alone accounted for 58% of the BHA failures and was attributed to poor inspection criteria, poor drilling practices and lack of stress relief features. Other learning points from the autopsies were: Majority of failures, 46%, occurred in the 12 1/4 hole section. Greater attention should be paid to rig torque gauge calibration; MWD shock logs can warn of impending drillstring failure. New drillstring components were not being specified to Shell specifications. Use of stabbing guide will reduce failures associated with connection damage. Avoid slip cutting drillpipe. Improved pipe identification system needed. Once a downhole pressure loss is established POOH immediately. From interviews they carried out during the autopsy process it quickly became clear that a general lack of understanding of cause, effect and cost of fatigue failures existed. The failures are summarized in the Table 1. Table 1: DRILLSTRING FAILURE AUTOPSIES 1992-1994 (Horbeek et al, 1995) DATE FAILURE ROOT CAUSE 27/05/92 Twist off at HDIS BHA connection fatigue 23/07/92 Twist off at crossover BHA connection fatigue 24/07/92 Twist off at MWD crossover BHA connection fatigue 02/11/92 Twist off at stabilizer Combination torsion/tension overload 05/11/92 Twist off at MWD Tensile overload 21/11/92 Washout at crossover BHA connection fatigue 22/11/92 Cracked mud saver sub Overtorque of new connection 26/11/92 Twist off at MWD BHA connection fatigue 08/12/92 Twist off at HWDP Accidental over-torque by top drive 02/01/93 Twist off at jars Tension/torsion overload 19/02/93 Twist off at bit sub BHA connection fatigue 24/02/93 Washout at HWDP Connection damage/bad handling 12/03/93 Twist off at shock sub Connection fatigue 19/03/93 Washout at HWDP Shoulder seal damage/bad handling 21/03/93 Washout at jars BHA connection fatigue 04/04/93 Washout at crossover BHA connection fatigue 10/08/93 Twist off at jar -intensifier BHA connection fatigue 20/08/93 Twist off at jars Insufficient hole cleaning 05/10/93 Twist off at mud motor BHA connection fatigue 23/10/93 Twist off at hole opener Poor hard banding application inspection 08/11/93 Washout at drillpipe connection Tool joint connection fatigue 24/11/93 4 washouts from split boxes DCs and HWDP Age condition of equipment 24/11/93 Washout at drillpipe connection Overtorqued connection DATE FAILURE ROOT CAUSE 02/12/93 Twist off at drill collar Torsion/tension overload when stuck 02/12/93 Twist off at jars BHA connection failure 03/01/94 Washout in HDIS Fatigue and vibration 05/01/94 Washout in drillpipe Fatigue and vibration 09/01/94 Washout in drill collar Fatigue and vibration 11/01/94 Washout in drill collar Fatigue and vibration 14/02/94 Washout in HWDP Age and condition 11/03/94 Washout in drillpipe Slip cuts 09/05/94 3washout in drillpipe Stabbing damage 28/06/94 Twist off NM drillpipe Stress corrosion cracking 23/08/94 Twist off SHWDP Brittle failure 23/08/94 Twist off in drillpipe Drillpipe tube fatigue 07/11/94 Twist off NB stabilizer Fatique/vibration 04/12/94 Drillpipe parted Tensile strength exceeded 04/12/94 Washout in jars Fatigue 3. Errors Contributing to Drilling Failure The error leading to a drilling or tripping failure may be caused by the abnormal state of either the formation being drilled, the wellbore itself or the equipment used in the drilling or tripping operation or caused by other external factors. It must be stated here that these errors may be attributed to either human, manufacturing or mechanical errors. Human Error Here are just a few generic definitions for human error: An inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing, effectiveness, safety, or system performance An action that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits An action whose result was not desired by a set of rules or an external observer To put things into context, there are three primary stages of cognition (planning, storage, and execution), which relate to the three error types (mistakes, slips, and lapses). The three human error types are: Mistakes: Mistakes occur when an intended outcome is not achieved even though there was adherence to the steps in the plan. This is usually a case in which the original plan was wrong, was followed, and resulted in an unintended outcome. Lapses. Lapses are associated with our memories (e.g., lapses of memory, senior moments, etc.). These are generally not observable events. Slips. Slips are generally externalized, observable actions that are not in accordance with a plan. These are often referred to as Freudian slips, in which a person may be thinking something but inadvertently says it so that someone else can hear it. Slips are most often associated with the execution phase of cognition. Manufacturing Error Variation caused by the manufacturing process that affects the size of the part. Manufacturing error is part of measurement value. From a design perspective the engineer or designer produces a piece of equipment or a system with intentions to function in a certain way. When it doesnt function that way (it breaks, catches on fire, messes up its output or is befallen of some other mishap) they try to find the root cause. Typically the cause can be identified as a: Design deficiency when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishap Manufacturing defect when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail Environmental hazard when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous condition Mechanical Error Mechanical error is a deviation from correctness in computer-processed data, caused by equipment failure. This error can often be attributed to a range of different problems on both the manufacturer and the user side, as well as to the unpredictable forces of chance. When equipment malfunctions or falls short of its intended purpose, it may cause delays and lost funds. In rare cases, however, the results can be catastrophic. Serious injuries, loss of life and long-term negative repercussions can emerge from the failure of a seemingly innocuous industrial component. Such events may emphasize the importance of manufacturing standards and safety considerations, or highlight certain industrial concerns that influence the outcome of a project. These errors are related to drilling operations as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Errors during drilling tripping operations ERROR WHERE ERROR IS LOCATED SOURCE OF ERROR POSSIBLE CAUSE OF ERROR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS LEADING TO FAILURE Abnormal state of an Entity Formation Fractured faulted formations Natural fracture, geological fault, cavernous formation, permeable formation Human /Mechanical Errors Tectonically stressed formations Stressed formation Abnormal pore pressure Under compaction of shales Reactive formation Dissolving limestone, reactive shale Mobile formation Drilling salt fomations Unconsolidated formation Poor sediment cementation Naturally over pressured shale collapse Under compaction of shales Wellbore Material accumulation in the wellbore Cuttings accumulation,cavings accumulation Human/Mechanical Errors High hydrostatic wellbore pressure High pore pressure Low hydrostatic wellbore pressure Low pore pressure Crooked wellbore Doglegs, keyseat Equipment Hardware error Age of equipment, design errors Human Error, Mechanical Mechanical Errors Software error Limited knowledge of software by drilling crew members, typo errors Technical error Lack of technical know-how by drilling personnel 4. General Classification of Drilling Failures The classification of drilling failures in this paper is broadly categorized into three namely: equipment failure, wellbore failure and then formation failure. Table 3 lists these failures and their potential causes. Table 3: Summary of drilling and tripping failures, causes Errors Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type EQUIPMENT FAILURE Failure class Failure sub class Drillstem failure Failure to acquire evaluation data, high torque drag Shocks vibrations Drillstem design Manufacturing error Drill pipe washouts Loss of hydrostatic pressure, Low SPP Deviated holes and doglegs, corrosive mud or gases,CO2 H2O in mud Running drill pipe in compression, in-correct make up torque of tool joints Human/operator error Drillpipe corrosion Contaminants in drilling fluids O2 in drilling fluids Human error Drillpipe fatigue Pipe leakage High cyclic loads Shallow doglegs in conjunction with high tension and slow penetration rates H2S CO2 in mud Drillstring buckling Compressive load in pipe exceeds a critical value Cracked pipes Sudden drop in pressure Over torqued threads Swelled or mushroomed box end shoulders,pin connection breaks When enough torque is not applied at the table When enough torque is not applied at the table Human error Pipe twist Torque exceeding pipes ultimate shear strength Pipe parting Ultimate tensile strength exceeded Galling Metal to metal contact b/w the pin box threads, stabbing Human error Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type EQUIPMENT FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Casing failure Thermal failure High temperature during steam injection Sulphide stress corrosion cracking failure Stress corrosion by H2O H2,high strength steels Poor design of steels Manufacturing error External corrosion failure Exposure of casing to wet air and/or saline fluids Human error Helical buckling failure axial load and compressive forces exceeds the casings load carrying strength Casing collapse fail BHA hangs up when RIH, Calliper log shows collapsed casing high external formation pressure Centralizer failure Inefficient mud displacement Under-reamed wells, using an incorrect unit for the job Using an incorrect unit for the job Human error Mud motor failure Mud motor stalling A sudden severe increase in SPP , ROP ceases operating parameters exceeding the capability of the motor Motor Failure during reaming extended reaming operations Motor Failure during tripping key seats, ledges Motor failure due to downhole temperatures downhole temperatures increase beyond 225Â ° F FORMATION RELATED FAILURE Lost circulation Induced fracture LC Volume of mud in mud pit reduces High mud density, ,increase in annular pressure Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type Failure class Failure sub class FORMATION RELATED FAILURE CONTD Lost circulation contd Natural fracture LC Volume of mud in mud pit reduces Natural fractures, high permeability formations, cracks,vugs, fissures Incorrect estimation of annular pressures Human error Kicks High pore pressure kick Geo-pressured formations Operational related kick Swab Surge during tripping Inefficient ROP Formation related Low ROP Cuttings accummulation Operational related Low ROP Low WOB,Bit balling WELLBORE FAILURE Wellbore wall related Cementing failure Stress cracking Appears as no cement on bond logs stress changes caused by casing expansion Gas migration un-cemented channel, low overbalance pressure before and during cementing Cement shrinkage Cement cracks Exposure to air of low humidity Micro annulus Inter zonal Communications, Well Leakage Hydrostatic Pressure Reduction inside the Casing, Cement Shrinkage Borehole caving Angular, Splintery cavings Highly tensional/compressive stress Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type WELBORE FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Solids induced pack off Keyseating Sudden overpull Cyclic overpull at tool joint intervals on trips. High tensional side forces Underguage hole Pulled bit or stabilisers are undergauge. Sudden set down weight. Circulation is unrestricted. Bit stuck PDC bit run after a roller cone bit, When drilling abrasive formations Ledges and doglegs Sudden erratic overpull or set down Running an unsuitable BHA,changes in BHA Junk Missing hand tools / equipment. Circulation unrestricted. Sudden erratic torque. Inability to make hole. Poor housekeeping on the rig floor. The hole cover not installed Cement blocks Cement fragments. Erratic torque. Hard cement becomes unstable around the casing shoe Green cement Increase in pump pressure. Loss of string weight. Sudden decrease in torque. Green cement in mud returns, discoloration of mud. drill string is inadvertently run into cement Bit jamming Poor hole cleaning ,fluid is too thin Differential Sticking Bit balling Reduced ROP,Increased SPP, Overpull on tripping Swellable soft clays Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type WELBORE FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Hole collapse Little or no filter cake Wellbore washouts Excessive hole fill,cuttings Swelling shale, hole erosion, insufficient mud weight Reactive formations Hydrated or mushy cavings. Shakers screens blind off, clay balls form. Increase in LGS, filter cake thickness, PV, YP, MBT When using WBM in shales and clays in young formations. When drilling with an incorrect mud specification When using WBM in shales and clays in young formations. When drilling with an incorrect mud specification Unconsolidated formations Increase in pump pressure. Fill on bottom. Overpull on connections. Shakers blinding Little natural cementation Mobile formations Overpull when moving up, takes weight when running in Drilling salt formations Fractured faulted formations Hole fill on connections. Possible losses or gains natural fracture system in the rock Tectonically stressed formations Pack-offs and bridges may occur. Cavings at the shakers (splintery). Increase torque and drag highly stressed formations are drilled Naturally over-pressured shale collapse Cavings (splintery) at shakers. Increased torque and drag. Hole fill. An increase in ROP. Cuttings and cavings are not hydrated or mushy. under-compaction, naturally removed overburden 5. Conclusions This work has been a modest attempt at classifying downhole failures and errors during drilling and tripping operations. Though not exhaustive, the work has been able to group failures and errors into their natural groups and then elucidated their symptoms and their potential causes. Finally, it is concluded that: Failures during tripping and drilling operations may be naturally classified into: wellbore related, equipment related and formation related failures That errors leading to these failures may be broadly classified into errors located in the formation, errors located in the equipment or errors located in the formation or wellbore being drilled That these errors may result from misinterpretation of test data, improper use of hardware or software, ineffective monitoring of events, under maintenance of equipment Nomenclature BHA = Bottom Hole Assembly BOP = Blowout Preventer CO2 = Carbon (IV) Oxide H2O = Water H2S = Hydrogen Sulphide HWDP = Heavy Weight Drill Pipe LC = Lost Circulation LGSC = Low Gravity Solids Content MBT = Methylene Blue Test MWD = Measurement While Drilling O2 = Oxygen PDC = Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit POOH = Pull out of Hole RIH = Run in Hole ROP = Rate of Penetration SPP = Stand Pipe Pressure TD = Total Depth WBM = Water Based Mud WOB = Weight on Bit YP = Yield Point Acknowledgement A work of this magnitude must have been culled from other writers work; hence I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors whose works were consulted in the course of writing this paper. This acknowledgement would essentially be incomplete if I fail to extend my deepest appreciation to the Almighty God-Jehovah, for without Him, there would have been no me. To others whom I have not mentioned due to space or the lack of it, I remain your debtor in gratitude.

Feminine Roles in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Feminine Roles in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles.    One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us about the hero’s dependence on Desdemona:    Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates the seemingly betraying woman he has so depended on for happiness with his own mother, who gave Othello’s father a handkerchief and threatened him with loss of her love if he should lose it. Othello has briefly learned and then forgotten the precious art of harmonizing erotic passion and spiritual love, and as these two great aims of love are driven apart in him, he comes to loathe and fear the sexuality that puts him so much in mind of his physical frailty and dependence on woman. (226)    At the outset of the play Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. This is the initial reference to the role of women in the play – the role of wife. In response to the noise and Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. Iago’s bawdy references to the senator’s daughter present a second role of women – that of illicit lover. With Roderigo’s help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much ... ... murder on.† Emilia is aware that she is violating social convention here: â€Å"’Tis proper I obey him, but not now.† This violation costs her dearly Emilia’s stunning interrogation and conviction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iago’s killing her. Despondent Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife.    Thus it is seen that the roles of women are many and varied – and are key to the successful development of the story.       WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.               

Analysis of the Poem the Red Hat Essay

Rachel Hadas’ poem â€Å"The Red Hat† is told from the viewpoint of the parents of a young boy who begins to walk to school by himself. The poem reveals the actions and emotions of the parents who struggle with allowing their son to become more independent. However, this poem is not simply a story of a boy starting to walk to school on his own. The underlying theme is about a boy leaving the protection and safety of his parents to enter the world by himself. In the middle of the first stanza the lines, â€Å"these parallel paths part† interrupt the flow of the poem. Here, at Straus Park, the boy must really separate from his parents. When Hadas write, â€Å"The watcher’s heart stretches, elastic in its love and fear, toward him as we see him disappear, striding briskly†, she introduces the reader to one of the most significant parts of the poem. His parents, the watchers, extend their â€Å"elastic† hearts to their son out of love and fear as well. They look back two weeks, remembering when they held their son’s hand as they walked to school. The parents will not let their son go on alone until they feel satisfied that he can handle the responsibility. Even though the son proves his capability of walking to school, the parents still worry. When they finally let their son continue on his own, they worry about the potential dangers in the world. The parents will always worry, because their boy can never be completely safe. The author uses vivid description to allow the reader to develop a mental picture of what takes place. The boy walks up the east side of West End, while his parents follow behind on the west side. An understanding between the boy and his parent’s permits extended glances across the street, but not eye contact. This unsaid agreement allows the parents the opportunity to look over at their son to check on him, and it gives the boy a chance to occasionally look back and know that his parents are still there for him. The remaining lines of the poem follow in a sequential AA, BB rhyming pattern. When taken literally, this poem is merely a tale of a young boy learning to walk to school on his own and his parents’ concern over letting him go. In order for parents to let their child go off into the world, they must be sure that their child will look both ways before he crosses the street, and that he does not talk to strangers.

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

An Analogy of a plan cell to a country nucleus/governement/primie minister/parliament house- they are the control centre of the city or cell. They both control what goes on in the city or cell. the nucleus contains all the DNA or important information, of the whole cell. it is the control centre and it gives out orders that the cells have to carry out. the president in a country know it's important information, he gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse' of the cell or city.The mitochondria and the power plant both provide the energy for the city or cell to use. mitochondria breaks down food molecules and convert them to energy for cells. power plant generate and supply energy for the country. Cell Membrane/national security, military, Border Security- the Cell membrane or police/ Border Security controls entry of what goes in and out of the cell or city Vacuole/ Stores/warehouses+ water tr eatment plant + Garbage dump- a vacuole can contain many different types of fluids in it and it also has many different functions. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellThe vacuole can be a storage room which contain fluids and material solutions like plant pigments. It has can also be a garbage dump which contains its wastes. Furthermore the vacuole can be a water tower which stores water in it. vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and food producing factory are both where the production of proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information from the dna given by the nucleus. restuarnts cook and give out food that contain proteinEndoplasmic Reticulum/ highways, roads and vehicles traveling them- the transport of substances within cells or cities occur through these. it assembles materials and export them from the cell. companies that trade and export materials from the country also may package and prepare them to be sent of . Golgi Apparatus/ Foo d Packaging Company- the Golgi Apparatus and Food Packaging Company both package materials for export. Chloroplasts/ Solar power panels- the chloroplast and the solar power panels both can capture the radiant energy of sunlight and transform it into useable energy.

Poverty Essays - Oxnard, California, Oxnard College, Free Essays

Poverty Essays - Oxnard, California, Oxnard College, Free Essays Poverty The Poverty Poverty is a global problem, and it has existed from the beginning of civilization. Hunger, homelessness, and lack of health care are major aspects of this world-wide dilemma. Many countries are in complete poverty and the majority are third-world countries. Within the United States of America, a land of valuable, there are also pockets of extreme poverty. Trying to solve this huge problem of poverty. the United States of America, have developed for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. Throughout the world, poverty has plagued all countries. In smaller, under-developed countries many people die from starvation. These countries can not afford to support their citizens. Due to their financial problems, the people lack proper shelter and clothing to keep themselves warm during cold months. Since they lack adequate shelter and clothing, diseases occur all over. These diseases develop a lot easier with poor nutrition. Once again with more financial problems, health care is limited to none. T.L Berry English Professor at Oxnard College says poverty is usually caused by the difficulty in holding and even getting a job. Ability, education, and skills help determine the kind of job an individual gets. That is the matter. Through out our history, people in the United State have valued self reliance, convinced that social standing is mostly a matter of individual talent and effort. This perspective sees society offering plenty of opportunity to anyone able and willing to take advantage of it. The poor are whoever can not or will not work, women and men with fewer skills, less schooling, and little motivation. Everyone does not have the same physical abilities and mental abilities. Poor health and abilities prevent some people from holding a job. Through science people have been able to hold onto jobs a lot easier. It has increased the need for professional workers and lowered the demand for the unskilled . So, the people with higher education will get paid a higher income, a nd people with lower education will get paid a lower income. The United States of America, the richest country in the world, has its share of poverty granted, American poverty is no match to third world poverty, but for such a prosperous country it is pretty sad. Most third world countries do not have social security or welfare. So people of those countries have no income to keep themselves going. Even though. America does have both social security and welfare, this country still has many homeless and starving people Example at Ventura county, the place of many wealthy residents live in almost million value properties, but Oxnard is the city of poverty with thousand family on welfare and there are a lot of people still line up everyday at EDD to claim unemployment benefits. The poverty in America will not be solved all at once. Simply creating jobs will not help eliminate poverty because there are some people who are disabled and just can not work. The government social welfare programs help to add income to many people. These people could be the retired, unemployed, disabled, or widowed. In order to help the less fortunate, the people that are employed are taxed to raise money to pay for social security and other benefits. For the higher income workers taxes are higher, and for lower income workers taxes are lower. The United States of America is a land of plenty and America is known for its freedom and advantages. With all these possibilities to succeed, America has its own shame. Sadly enough, poverty has struck this country. The city of poverty is found in a wealthy region called Oxnard city. The economic development of Ventura County is extremely uneven. Things that help these small towns are efforts like Oxnard. A variety of things were done to he lp lower the unemployment rate. One important item is the big industry, like automation, computer, that came into the area. The government has been doing a lot to decrease unemployment. They have been creating government jobs for the people, a program which began in the couple years ago. In fact, they set up work training and help people find jobs at EDD center. There are many big

The Subjunctive in German

The Subjunctive in German Konjunktiv I und II The German subjunctive mood (der Konjunktiv) comes in two varieties: (1) Subjunctive I (present subjunctive) and (2) Subjunctive II (past subjunctive). Despite their nicknames, it is important to understand that the subjunctive (in English or German) is a verb mood, not a verb tense. Both the so-called past and present subjunctive forms can be used in various tenses in German. What Is the Konjunktiv? What does the subjunctive actually do? Youll find subjunctive verb forms and expressions in almost any language, including English and German. The subjunctive mood is designed to convey a message. The message can vary, but the subjunctive is telling you that a statement is not just a plain fact (the indicative mood), that there may be some doubt, or something is contrary to reality. In English, when we say, If I were you... the verb form were is subjunctive and it conveys a message: I am not you, but... (The indicative form would be the rather unlikely I am you.) Other examples of the subjunctive in English: If we only had the money, we could...That would be a crazy thing to do.God save the Queen!They insist that she go.Be that as it may.He said he would not do that. Notice that in the examples above the words would and could often turn up. Its the same in German. In all of the examples given, the verb takes on an unusual form, different from the normal conjugation. Its the same in German. For instance, the indicative (normal) form would be God saves rather than God save. Instead of indicative she goes, we see she go in the subjunctive. In German, the Konjunktiv is also formed by altering the verb conjugation in some way. Which of the two subjunctive forms is more important for students learning German? Both of course! But the Subjunctive II is used more in conversational German than Subjunctive I. In fact, the past subjunctive is very common in daily German. It is found in many common expressions (ich mà ¶chte..., I would like...) and is used to express doubt or politeness. But well discuss all that when we get to the Subjunctive II lesson. Lets start with number one, the somewhat easier Subjunctive I. Konjunktiv I - The Quotative - Present Subjunctive In general, the Subjunctive I (present subjunctive) is used mostly for the so-called quotative or indirect speech (indirekte  Rede). It is heard or seen less and less frequently in modern German, with the important exception of news stories on radio and TV and in the newspaper. Sometimes the Subjunctive II is also used for indirect speech, usually when the Subjunctive I form is not obviously different from the indicative form. Recognize It When You See It! Since the Subjunctive I is encountered primarily in a passive way - in print or in TV/radio news, it is not necessary for most German-learners to learn how to produce it. It is more important to recognize it when you see it or hear it  because the subjunctive is sending a message you need to understand. What message? Generally the  Konjunktiv I  is telling you that someone said something that may or may not be true. For instance, in a news feature a newspaper may report what someone said, using the Subjunctive I: Der Nachbar  sagte, die Dame  lebe  schon  lnger  im  Dorf. The normal present tense conjugation is die Dame  lebt, but the subjunctive form die Dame  lebe tells us that this what someone said. The reporter/newspaper is not (legally) responsible for the truth of the statement. When you read the news in German or hear it on the radio, this so-called indirect speech (indirekte  Rede)  is a form of  indirect  quotation that says, in effect, thats what we were told but we cant vouch for the accuracy of the statement. The other terms sometimes used for the Subjunctive I also say something about its use: the quotative, indirect discourse, indirect speech. Other Uses The Subjunctive I is also used in formal or technical writing and in directions or recipes to express propositions or instructions: Technical: Hier  sei  nur  vermerkt, dass... (Here let it only be noted that...)Recipe: Man  nehme  100 Gramm Zucker,  zwei  Eier... (Take 100 g of sugar, two eggs...)Slogan: Es  lebe  der Kà ¶nig! (Long live the king!) Conjugating the Subjunctive I Many  German grammar  books or  verb guides  will list full subjunctive conjugations, but in practice, you really only need to know the  third person singular  forms most of the time. The Subjunctive I is almost always found in the third-person form:  er  habe  (he has),  sie sei  (she is),  er  komme  (hes coming), or  sie wisse  (she knows). This -e  ending (except for to be) rather than the normal -t  ending in the German third person is your clue to indirect quotation. The other non-third-person forms are rarely if ever used, so dont bother with them! Similarityto Command Forms The basic Subjunctive I form of a verb is usually identical to its imperative or command form. Although there are some exceptions, the third person singular subjunctive and the familiar (du) command forms often look alike:  Er  habe/Habe Geduld!  (Have patience!),  Sie  gehe/Geh(e)!  (Go!), or  Er sei/Sei  brav!  (Be good!). This is also true for the  wir-commands (lets, we-commands):  Seien  wir  vorsichtig!  (Lets be cautious!) or  Gehen  wir!  (Lets go!). For more about the command forms in German, see  Lesson 11  of German for Beginners. But remember, unless youre writing for a German newspaper or magazine, you dont need to be able to write or say the Subjunctive I forms. You only need to recognize them when you see them in print or hear them.

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs - Essay Example Woodrow Wilson is viewed as the pioneer of public administration. Wilson made a distinction between political science and public administration. He asserted that public administration is a detailed systematic application of law. Before his distinction, public administration was regarded as a branch of political science. Frank Goodnow concurred with Woodrow and added that politics formulate policies and the administration executes these policies. Public administration has been largely taken as a science by related disciplines in the social sciences. Public administration encompasses study of people involved in managerial and administrative tasks in the various state organs. Theory bases are very important in reaching a discernible conclusion about a certain phenomenon. Public administration is conducted differently according to the various types and settings of organizations. Bureaucracy is evident in almost all organizations (Milakovich & Gordon, 2013) this gives rise to the application of the bureaucratic theory of administration. The theory was put forth by Marx Weber. He argued that, the core aspect of administration is determining who gives command to whom. Marx asserted that domination is common characteristic in an organisation. According to Marx, domination means the power relations between the ruled and their leaders. Consequently he added that legitimacy in exercise of power in any established authority is contributed by numerous beliefs in the organization’s setting. Domination brings about the need for administrative apparatus (Farazmand, 2002). For domination to be concurrent with its intended purpose, there is need to establish an administrative staff to execute demands and serve as a link between the leader (government) and led. Marx established certain constructs of domination; tradition, charismatic and legal domination. Legitimacy in traditional domination is brought about by inheritance, legal

Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recycling - Essay Example From this study it is clear that recycling will help us to reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials. For example, plastic materials are major villains in destroying our universe. The increased use of plastic materials in our daily life resulted in plastic wastes accumulating in large quantities everywhere. One of the peculiar properties of plastic materials is the fact that these materials will never undergo biodegradation. If we are able recycle plastic materials properly, it is possible for us to use the finished plastic products again and again and thereby we can reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials. In short, recycling help us to ensure the supply of the same material again and again.This paper highlights that in the waste management systems, recycling comes as the third R out of the three R’s; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Wastes are accumulating from all corners. Waste accumulation is going to be the most serious problem; we are going to face in future. Waste management is taken as a serious topic by the modern organizations because of the above awareness. Recycling has an important role to play in the waste management process. Global warming and climate changes are some of the major problems which are haunting the human kind at present. Many people are of the view that these problems were the creations of human itself. We exploited the natural resources injudiciously in the past and never thought that we are creating problems for us in future.  

Plant research and faulty arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant research and faulty arguments - Essay Example By mid 21st century, the population will have increased by more than three billion people and the worst truth is that majority of these people are continuously being born in countries experiencing water shortages. By the year 2020, expectations are that the population will hit twenty two billion, figures that are more than high. Ideally, there water conservation is mandatory, therefore, so that these people will not experience water shortages owing to discovery that the emerging worldwide water shortage threatening (Consolver 17). Another argument used by people who waste water is that there can never be water exhaustion, as the oceans can never dry up. This is a faulty reasoning because it there have been sayings that the world may actually run out of water before running out of oil. Moreover, of all the water on earth, only three percent is fresh water and the most of it is frozen (Consolver 16). Another faulty reason given by people who waste water is that their usage is not a waste as their usage is for basic needs. People should give water a second thought. A single toilet flush uses three gallons of water. A ten minute shower uses up fifty gallons of water. There is consumption of forty gallons of water any other time someone loads laundry. Such statistics definitely speak serious message to all. People should find ways of minimizing the amount of water used. The water used up in watering lawns is also another factor contributing to the water shortages experienced in parts of the world. People should invest in drought-tolerant crops that require less amount of water for survival (Consolver 16). The Sedum rubrotinctum is an example of drought-tolerant vegetation that gradually grows into a beautiful mat like vegetation. It survives very well with an occasional watering and it is an excellent soil holder. The plant resembles a mat of succulent herbs with fleshy club shaped leaves that are red tinged at the tip

Evaluation of Dental Education Strategies Essay

Evaluation of Dental Education Strategies - Essay Example This paper stresses that the medical and dental education demanded new teaching – learning methods with more formal instructional design and delivery. In professional education like medical and dental education, the common teaching strategies include that of role model, small or large group interactions, lectures, one to one teaching, brainstorming, computer aided case studies and patient model exercise. Among these methods, for clinical teaching, the preferred teaching methods are role model, one to one instruction, small group discussions and patient model assessment. Based on the survey feedback from students, this case study aims to identify the most effective teaching method. Thus the single major aim of this case study is to find out the best teaching method in dental education – whether is it one to one direct teaching? or is it small group discussion teaching? The article also states that the teaching skills need to be developed by a doctor and he / she should b e a competent teacher. The following personal attributes are quoted for a competent and committed medical teacher by Judy and Carol, commitment to profession, enthusiasm, sensitive to needs of students, inculcating the required professional attitude within the students, developing practical teaching skills, interest in serving as doctor as well as a teacher, openness to peer review and change his or her teaching, ability to implement formal assessment of medical students and trainees.

The Impact of Failed States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Impact of Failed States - Assignment Example Somalia is a relatively small country with a population of about ten million only but its location in Africa is very strategic as it straddles the Horn of Africa through which most of the worlds shipping passes through. As such, it has become a virtual pirates lair because of a failed state situation. Its proximity to the Gulf of Aden which is a maritime choke point for global trade gives the country strategic importance and requires attention from U.S. foreign policymakers. Internal problems facing Somalia today is the on-going famine because of warfare such that people have no time to devote to agriculture and food-production activities. Everything they do is related to short-term immediate survival only and there are no medium- or long-term plans. Lack of a government infrastructure can be overcome by utilizing religion (Islam) and clan ties to persuade people to band together to make their country work again as a whole Somali nation. Somalis see Islamic law as the answer but it does not mean support for terrorism and the United States must be perceptive enough to distinguish this crucial difference in crafting its policies.1 Regional problems involved the possible export of mayhem and violence to neighboring countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea or even a second war against Ethiopia in the future if the Islamists are not brought under control by the provisional government and United States. A dystopian Somalia can destabilize other peaceful Arab countries nearby such as Saudi Arabia. An international problem is that Somalia has become a magnet for recruits of international terrorism much like what Afghanistan was before, during the Soviet invasion of that country. Internal problems facing Afghanistan today are the lack of an effective central authority as most of the countryside are controlled by the Taliban and the lack of womens rights under its Islamic laws or sharia. Absence of government in many areas allowed the

Strategic Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing - Assignment Example the researcher ventures to critical evaluate the four major components of market orientation which in turn enables companies to satisfy the needs and demands of their customers thereby maximizing value for the shareholders. Given the fact that companies puts the interest of customers on top of their priority list, their level of satisfaction is enhanced by several strategies implemented by company managers that are aimed towards proper competitor profiling and inter-functional coordination. All of this is achieved via adequate collection of analysis of market intelligence. In this particular project the researcher will conduct a critical assessment of all of the above mentioned factors as well as highlight the effectiveness with which the researcher’s company conducts market orientation. By doing so, the researcher will be able to identify the gaps that exist in the company’s market orientation strategies and make appropriate recommendations to the managing director. The report is being addressed to the managing director of XYZ Company with the underlying aim of setting forth the effectiveness of the company with respect to the fundamental components of market orientation. Given the fact that having an effective marketing orientation strategy in place is one of the most pivotal activities to be performed by an organization, the researcher endeavours to pin point certain strategies that would enable the organization to enhance its market orientation effectiveness. In a world that is characterized by rapid changes in customer preferences, even faster progress in the field of technology and increasing intensity of competitive contention, it becomes pivotal for organizations to develop a mechanism in order to generate information related to the market, analyze the same and respond in view of that. The cluster of activities set forth by organizations everlastingly in order to scrutinize, analyze as well as respond to the transformations in the market is termed as

Evaluation of Dental Education Strategies Essay

Evaluation of Dental Education Strategies - Essay Example This paper stresses that the medical and dental education demanded new teaching – learning methods with more formal instructional design and delivery. In professional education like medical and dental education, the common teaching strategies include that of role model, small or large group interactions, lectures, one to one teaching, brainstorming, computer aided case studies and patient model exercise. Among these methods, for clinical teaching, the preferred teaching methods are role model, one to one instruction, small group discussions and patient model assessment. Based on the survey feedback from students, this case study aims to identify the most effective teaching method. Thus the single major aim of this case study is to find out the best teaching method in dental education – whether is it one to one direct teaching? or is it small group discussion teaching? The article also states that the teaching skills need to be developed by a doctor and he / she should b e a competent teacher. The following personal attributes are quoted for a competent and committed medical teacher by Judy and Carol, commitment to profession, enthusiasm, sensitive to needs of students, inculcating the required professional attitude within the students, developing practical teaching skills, interest in serving as doctor as well as a teacher, openness to peer review and change his or her teaching, ability to implement formal assessment of medical students and trainees.

Strategic Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing - Assignment Example the researcher ventures to critical evaluate the four major components of market orientation which in turn enables companies to satisfy the needs and demands of their customers thereby maximizing value for the shareholders. Given the fact that companies puts the interest of customers on top of their priority list, their level of satisfaction is enhanced by several strategies implemented by company managers that are aimed towards proper competitor profiling and inter-functional coordination. All of this is achieved via adequate collection of analysis of market intelligence. In this particular project the researcher will conduct a critical assessment of all of the above mentioned factors as well as highlight the effectiveness with which the researcher’s company conducts market orientation. By doing so, the researcher will be able to identify the gaps that exist in the company’s market orientation strategies and make appropriate recommendations to the managing director. The report is being addressed to the managing director of XYZ Company with the underlying aim of setting forth the effectiveness of the company with respect to the fundamental components of market orientation. Given the fact that having an effective marketing orientation strategy in place is one of the most pivotal activities to be performed by an organization, the researcher endeavours to pin point certain strategies that would enable the organization to enhance its market orientation effectiveness. In a world that is characterized by rapid changes in customer preferences, even faster progress in the field of technology and increasing intensity of competitive contention, it becomes pivotal for organizations to develop a mechanism in order to generate information related to the market, analyze the same and respond in view of that. The cluster of activities set forth by organizations everlastingly in order to scrutinize, analyze as well as respond to the transformations in the market is termed as

Promote communication in health and social care Essay Example for Free

Promote communication in health and social care Essay Communication is one of the most essential tools we have to help us interact with other people around us. We use it constantly in our everyday lives whether it be at work, with friends or at home with our families. The way we communicate reflects our personality and the way we come across to other people and build trust and relationships. Reasons why people communicate. †¢ Building relationships with the people around us †¢ Maintaining relationships †¢ Sharing ideas and thoughts †¢ Expressing feelings and needs †¢ Gaining reassurance and acknowledgement †¢ Gaining information and sharing information When we have a new child starting we have an â€Å"all about me† form that we ask the parent to complete. We do this to get to know the child and his/her likes and dislikes so that they can feel comfortable and to start building a relationship with that child and parent. We sit down with the parent to have a talk about this and also ask them if they would like a drink so that they feel welcome and at ease. As well as building relationships with the children and parents it is important to build relationships with the people we work with. Asking them questions about themselves and telling them about yourself. When a parent brings a child in in the morning we greet them and the child saying good morning and smiling. Likewise when the child is collected saying goodbye and taking time talking to the parent about the childs day. This helps maintain the relationship with the parent and child. Letting them know that we have time to speak to them and to listen. Likewise talking to the other staff members about their interests or if they had a nice weekend. Greeting them when coming in also helps to maintain a good working relationship with them. It is important for adults as well as children that they feel listened to and feel like their ideas and thoughts are important. Listening to a child will not only help build a relationship with that child but also make the child feel valued and build their self esteem. Also listening to what they have to say and respecting their feelings is an important way to meet the childs needs. When we meet new people one of the first things we do is to share and gain information with that person. This will help to establish a relationship with that person. This is also a vital part of working well with other people. When starting at the setting I first of all did this with the other staff by telling them about me and learning about them and also learning about the setting and how they do things there. With the children I asked them questions like their names and about the important people in their lives. This has helped me build relationships not just with the children at the setting but also t he people that I work with. Especially with the children that I work with I am finding it very important in building a relationship with them to reassure them and acknowledge their achievements. Praising them and showing them with my body language that they are important. They respond well to doing â€Å"high 5s† and keeping eye contact while they are talking to me. Likewise using some of the same tools with parents and colleagues help to acknowledge and reassure them that I am interested in what they have to say. It is very important to be able to communicate well with the people you work with. Not just to be happy yourself and to feel valued but also to provide the best care for the children in your setting. It is also important to be able to communicate well with the parents so that they feel that their needs are being met. They need to be able to leave the children in your care knowing that they will be safe and happy. When communicating with people we dont just use our voices but also non-verbal communication like eye contact, touch and body language. The non-verbal communication can be more powerful than the verbal. At the setting where I work we have a little boy who isnt using many words yet to communicate. He will come and take your hand and show you what it is he  wants. Using the information we have in the â€Å"all about me† form we know that he likes animals and to watch The Jungle Book on DVD. So we get the animals out and talk to him about them, asking him what noises those animals make and what they like to eat. Non-verbal communication is also very powerful when speaking to adults. Looking a the person you are speaking to can give you an idea of how they are feeling and also how they are reacting to what you are saying. The way you say some thing might be understood one way face to face with a person but will be understood differently over the telephone. Likewise listening skills are a very good tool to communicate well with the people around you. If you dont take time to listen to the children you will not be able to build a relationship with them. Also being able to learn from the other staff at your setting is important and would be impossible without good listening skills. If the communication isnt clear it can lead to misunderstanding. This can happen easily especially with children at a young age. It can also be a factor that a child, parent or colleague come from a different culture. As I am from Denmark but have lived in the UK for more than 13 years now I have felt this first hand. When I first moved here I worked with a man who used to speak to me as if I didnt understand. That made me feel like I was inadequate whereas he probably thought he was helping me. On the other hand I have had people using long and difficult words that I didnt understand and therefore making me feel less able to communicate with them. Feeling comfortable enough to ask questions and to say to the people you work with that you didnt understand is very important so that misunderstandings dont happen. Using different skills of communication would also be very helpful to make sure that the person you are talking to will be able to understand you. You might have to simplify y our language or use visual aids like pictures or in some cases have to use outside help like a translator or a speech therapist. To me good communication is all about building relationships with the people around you. This is even more important in the area of work that we do with children. Not only building the relationship with the parents, children and  colleagues but to teach the children from a young age to also communicate well and to help them to learn to build their own relationships with us, the children around them and everywhere else that they meet other people. Book used for information: Level 3 Diploma Children Young peoples Workforce Early Learning and Childcare by Penny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman and Sue Griffin

Impacts Of Tourism In Okavango Delta Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Tourism In Okavango Delta Tourism Essay According to Kreag G. (2001) the impacts of tourism are distinguished in seven different types, these are economic, service, social and cultural, natural, community attitude, crowding and congestion and taxes. These impacts are not applicable with every community because the resources and conditions are may differ. Every coin has two sides, means these impacts can affect negatively or positively. Planning and the plans of management with their current implementation helps to increase positive tourism issues and decreases tourism issues (Algansadi, 2009). In economic term, tourism helps to maximize the opportunities of employment like more number of jobs starting from entry level caries low wedges to high professional level positions in management and industrial fields. In service term, increase in tourism helps to create more number of opportunities to rise and develop facilities. According to Andriotis K. (2009) in terms of community attitude, as tourism increases range of facilitie s are used by the local people. Tourism helps to create place more thrilling and exciting. As new development is done by outsiders, community culture is get affected. In terms of crowding and congestion, people come together and get attracted to amazing places. In terms of taxes, tourist spends more money on behalf of services from which value added tax is gained. According to Fennell (2008) in terms of social and cultural, it is in detail consideration of tourism consequence which can be the determinants or assets to the communities. Increase in number of tourist comes with their different values and affects the family life and individual behaviour. The close relation between tourist and the residents helps to create rise in opportunities. Positive impacts of social and cultural are, the education and training plays important role for local people to learn and enhance their qualification and skills which is significant in tourism industry also help trained staff in the organisations. It helps to increase the standard life of the local people with positive economic growth. Increase in tourist spending power help to increase income of local person (Chin C.,2010). It helps to raise investment with the buying process of food, dress, culture and ceremonies etc, which can create tourist interest in the local culture. Negative impacts of social and cultural affects, increase in smuggling, gambling, drinking of alcohol also with the increase in underage drinking, rise in prostitution, drugs and crime. It affects lifestyle, culture, and most important language. Increase in the tourism area affects local residents. There is a negative impact on customs and values of local people (Kreag G., 2001). In terms of natural, the areas of natural resources like oceans, waterfall, wildlife forests increases tourist attraction and new residents who loves the natural environment. Generally clean industry is known as tourism industry, hotels, parks, restaurants, shops are comes under that except factories. The historical and museums get preserved (Kreag G., 2001). Positive impacts as it work as a catalyst to preserve natural area also helps to gain economic benefits. Forests are preserved. The ecotourism is maintained which protects and preserve selected natural environment, also gain economic benefits of tourism development and reduces the impact on environment (Andereck K. L., 1993). Natural system also have negative effects like, it strongly affects on air and water pollution also sedimentation effects with demonising the forests for the tourist services (Kreag G., 2001). Flora and fauna has deep researched on wild life which includes mammals and birds arises the hunting and trapping a ctivities increases also the marine life is get affected when toxic waste water runoff in sea. The soil and beaches are get damaged with the skies, cars, feet, horse etc. Oil refining situated in coastal areas with the water pollution and destruction. Solid waste major effects on soil and air pollution recycle and reusable helps to minimize the pollution (Mukherjee and Abir, 2008). Okavango Delta is the amazing tourist place situated in north-western part of Botswana. Its a home of wildlife where most of the tourist comes for photography and safari hunter. Annually, on average 50,000 tourists visit this place (Mbaiwa J., 2002). Tourism development has boost to create and enhance facilities like hotels, camps, airports, communication services, etc in region. This development has impacts on environment and socio culture of region (Mbaiwa J., 2004). In positive aspect, the region major land is used for tourism development with helping local people to increase benefits from developing of natural resources and wildlife. Local people created an institution known as Community based Organisation (CBOs) which help for tourism development and natural resource management. Institute distribute work in small parts, like Khawai Community works on cutting of thatching grass and see it to the lodges in Delta, similarly others also choose their parts. This helps to empowermen t of local community in region. 2) Tourism development widely creates employment which benefits for the financial development. Opportunities in jobs like accommodation services, tourism business, management, tour operators, etc. The company like Scot Wilson Consultants gave jobs to people in 20 safari campuses (Mbaiwa J., 2002).As all the local communities has only create jobs and opportunities instead of depending on other companies. 3) Cultural rejuvenations promote tourism with their traditionally created products, services, shops, craft industries, etc which provides cultural services to the tourist to know cultural ways. The Mekoro Safaris and basket production are the major known businesses over there. The safaris are created like the dug in a wood, which use for transport and for hunting crocodiles and hippos. The basket production is their traditional business, which helps to generate more profit from the tourists as market comes to their home. 4) Positive approach among th e local people, for development of tourism and conservation of wildlife helps to develop tourism and social economic benefits from tourist arrivals (Mbaiwa J., 2004). According to Mbaiwa (2002) as negative aspect, tourism industry developed in Okavango Delta is largely owned and managed by internationals and developed in remote areas. The financial rates are so high that all services and goods beyond the local community richness. Major profit in earned by international companies and the margined income of the local people is low. The facilities are provided with which the tourist is comfortable. Most of the camps are run by Hospitality and Tourism Association with the international membership. 2) Racism development in tourism industry of Okavango Delta refers to relationship between black and white people. Management levels are occupied by whites, pay scale and benefits are very low for blacks (Fennell A., 2008). 3) Relations and structure of family is affecting by tourism. Foreign companies growing lodges and camps, less space to live local people accept wildness part. Relocate people affects their landmarks and relations. Working period of worke rs affects relationship with family and this impact on increases in HIV/ADIS spread. 3) Tourism and urbanisation put wide negative impact on social culture. The costumes and styles affect relationships. Prostitution is growing in most of the developing countries as urbanisation develops most impacts on local people. Tourism is the major economic sector, which increases in crime with illegal activities like drugs, violence and robberies (Mbaiwa, 2002, 2004). Thus, looking back at the easy, tourism is growing rapidly dealing with positive and negative impacts on the tourist place. Increasing infrastructure put impacts on natural system. Its positive image is excellent for people but the negative image affects culture. Mainly socio cultural positive impact helps to development of tourist destination. Tourism helps to maintain nature and its components. Also it helps to create place attractive and thrilling. Development of tourism increases job opportunities. Positive impact of social culture help local people to educate with training, improves life standards and maintain their culture. Negative side effects mostly on diverse economic and culture, rise in crime, place issues, illegal behaviour. Tourism is developing in Okavango Delta with combining positive and negative social cultural impacts on local people. Its positive impacts helps to develop destination mainly community based tourism. Participating local people helps to generate income and employment by self. Mekoro Safaries and Basket making helps to preserve their own culture. Tourism help local people to get international market at their place. Its negative social impacts affect on quality life of local people. Its important to focus on these impacts by all stakeholders of industry. The camps should be promoted but should not owned by international. The local people should get first preference in management jobs and there should be law to prevent racism.

Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the :: Economics

Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the economy. Do you agree with this statement? Argue your case. Task: Write an essay addressing the following question: 'Migrants most important contribution to Australia, has been to the economy.' Do you agree with this statement? Argue your case. (5%) Migrants from all over the world have contributed to different parts of Australia since they began arriving here. I believe that the most important contribution has been to the economy, for a number of different reasons. In this essay, I am going to be looking at the English migrants and also at the Vietnamese migrants to see what contributions each group has made. Firstly, starting off with the English migrants, it is evident that since they came here on the First Fleet in 1788 they have boosted our population by a great deal, with 4000 people arriving in just the first five years. These people were not in fact migrants, but they were convicts sent here for crime such as theft, with people been sent here for small things such as stealing a handkerchief. These convicts began the population boost that Australia needed, and provoked people to come out here and start a new lifestyle. They were often described as 'economic refugees' as they were here to escape the poverty in their own country. So by the mid 1800's, Australia had a lot of migrants from overseas, especially England, who were increasing our economy by basically just being here, as it caused the general consumption of everything to go up and was therefore, costing our country money. In 1845, there was a massive mining boom in South Australia. Vast majorities of silver and lead were being found, which resulted in more people coming over here, and gave these people an opportunity to set themselves a lifestyle, as they could afford to build houses, find a job, and be able to look after themselves without having to fear poverty. When the Gold rushes began in 1851, more people ventured out here to try their luck at finding gold, and achieving a new lifestyle. In the 1860's the population increased yet again with another 44,000 people coming to Victoria, 22,000 to New South Wales, 49,000 to Queensland, and 15,000 to South Australia. When these people were added to the ones already here, we could see that the economy was increasing, and was consequently in a good position for the migrants to live in. In England, the migrants wanting to come out here were receiving support to help them, such as free passages to get here, or a cheap land offer once they arrived.

My Room :: Descriptive Essay Examples, narrative

My Room A secluded island with warm sandy beaches, a sunset over high cropped mountains, or the beauty and serenity of silence in a magnificent forest. A special place could as extravagant as those or as simple as your favorite cozy chair. They reach out with much more than picturesque or comfort qualities. Some of our dearest memories happen to us in these places. Maybe it is because of the comfort we find there, the connections we have that make us feel a certain way, or is it because they add to our identities. They become a vital part of who we are. We could not function properly if that place were to suddenly disappear. You are definitely more likely to go out and do something that you enjoy because you will get more out of it. We need to have happy places and joyous thoughts. Without either of them, I believe, that the world would fall apart. Everyone would become so overly stressed out that the world would be full of more violence than there is now. My room is meaningful to me because it was not always my room. It was my sisters first. Lisa is now married and pregnant. I remember all of the times that I spent in her room. How we used to play cards and watch movies on the weekends. All of our traditions. The Advent and Christmas season is when we had our most special traditions. Every Christmas Eve we would watch "It's a Wonderful Life" and "Meet me in St. Louis" before we would go to midnight mass. She would always ask me if I had a room of my own. Of course I always told her no. A few times she would try to throw me out, but it never worked. Although I annoyed her sometimes she was the one person that I could tell anything too. She listened intently to all of my stupid questions and would try her hardest to answer them. We always stuck together when trouble surfaced. I would comfort her when she had boy trouble and she made sure that I was okay when our grandparents died so closely together. I guess I love my room more now sinc e I have all of these wonderful memories in it. Boy if those walls could talk. I really miss her and the times that we shared.

My Opinion About A.A.Milne’s “A Word for Autumn”

What can be more dreadful than autumn? Every year we say farewell to summer and always think of it as the end of the world, to tell the truth, me, too. Undoubtedly, there are people who are fascinated with autumn, they like it. Anyway, it’s a beautiful time of the year, very picturesque and bright, especially during September. Leaves are red, orange, yellow, golden brown and amber. The air is cool, crisp and the sky looks darker and more boundless in the evenings. But†¦it’s autumn and nothing can be done till the next June. It’s like a damnation and a punishment for relaxed and carefree summer we’ve just spent. A. A. Milne shares the other point of view in his essay â€Å"A Word for Autumn†. The narrator is kind of a relativist here. He is like Zen-Buddhist, the good and the bad are making the one, main law of life for him, they are indivisible and everlasting. â€Å"I had been thinking of the winter as a horrid wet, dreary time fit only for professional football. Now I can see other things-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These other things are too the part of our mundane and routine life but they do decorate it and make cheerful: sitting near by fireplace, having long talks with your parents or beloved ones during long and cold autumn and winter evenings, reading books or just muse on some things: â€Å"Good work shall be done this winter. Life shall be lived well. † But I want to think a little about summer. Why do we like it so much and cherish it’s every day? Why does it so much influence our mood? Summer comes every year like an award for the long and cold winter that we’ve managed to withstand. It’s my way of seeing it, of course, you may not agree with me. We like the sun, it’s warm and bright rays that are meeting us every summer morning, we’re fond of sunsets that stay in our memory for long time. It’s great time of camping weekends, holidays on the sea-shore and long evening walks in the city parks. I like that trees and grass are so emerald green, I like azure blue sky and light clouds in it and the warm wind. These are things I like about summer. I see that people on the streets are more open and smile when summer comes. I think it’s in the air, this feeling of happiness, of youth and joyful moments. Everything makes a mix of complete and sunny summer bliss and that’s how it goes from year to year. That’s why, may be, it so important to keep this feeling and thought inside, and bring it throughout autumn and winter. We still don’t have such a skill. To be honest, me not. I try to cultivate this habit in me but every time it’s in vain and A. A. Milne on the contrary succeeded in it and I’m a little envious about him in this way. He is epicurean here, he takes the best of life while he can, he enjoys every moment of life. He sees it’s beauty in the fresh celery and â€Å"a wedge of cheese†, in vegetables and fruits, in the pipe he just smoked, in taverns and London inns. And here comes the thought that it’s a good life and it’s going to be this way no matter what happens. The narrator wanted to make us think about it and he did. He ensured me and here I agree with him that: â€Å"The end of the summer is not the end of the world. Here’s to October-and, waiter, some more celery. †

Who doesn t know Louis Vuitton

Globalization is the process of development in politics, economy and culture all around the world. National economies becomes increasingly integrated through globalization. Although globalization brings positive effect on economy, it also affects the world in a negative way. To start with, globalization has improved interdependence of national economies. Globalization involved free trade, greater competition, and increased investment. Globalization allows companies to enter wider markets and consumers have more options of goods and services.Free trade is a trade between countries without governmental intervention. Globalization lows greater trade and competition in the market that leads to lower prices, higher economic growth and it also increases level of investment. Since companies open wider markets, they need more people to work for them. Globalization enables a larger job opportunity that leads to decreasing of unemployment. Globalization allows us to move from one to another co untry. Free movement of labor gives advantages to both sender and recipient countries.If a nation experiences high unemployment, there are large opportunities to look for jobs somewhere else. Globalization increases Gross Domestic Product (GAP) of a country. GAP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Production of foreign companies in a country is counted as a part of country's GAP. A massive increase in education is also result of the globalization process. However, globalization brings negative impacts on a nation. Developing countries have difficulties to compete with developed countries.Globalization drives migration. So many people with different background move in and out Of a Country. They tend to follow the foreign culture and forget their own culture, this can lead to cultural conflicts. Opening doors to international trade has increased intense competition. Local products often struggle to compete with impor ted products because imported products are usually cheaper and better. Globalization has increased standard of living. People in recent times tend to buy branded products more than local products. Thereby the local companies suffer huge losses.Globalization allows workers to move freely. Hence, it is difficult for some countries to hold onto their best skilled workers who are attracted by higher salaries in other countries. Economic bloc or trade bloc is an agreement between countries, to acclimate trade between participants. For example, The European Union (SEC)). The E has 28 members (Austria, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy, Romania, Croatia, Latvia, Spain, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovenia, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Estonia, Malta, Sweden, Finland, Netherlands, UK and France).The aim is to promote free trade between countries. Multinational Corporation also knows as transnational corporation, is a corporation that has i ts assets in several countries but managed from one country such as Coca Cola. Multinational Corporation is beneficial because it creates jobs and improves technology. Business cycle refers to the change of economic activity. Economy experiences ups and downs caused by the changes of supply and demand. The changes of economic growth in the global economy over time are known as international business cycle.In labor markets, employers compete to hire the best skilled workers, while workers compete to get the best satisfying job. In recent time, more people are moving to different countries to get a better quality of life and standard of living. High skilled workers are attracted to rich Mounties such as the United States because of the higher wages and better opportunities. Small countries often struggle to hold onto their most talented and skilled workers, who are attracted to other countries by greater rewards (Australia in the Global Economy, 2004).The globalization of labor market has been increasing, however there are still significant difficulties on working in other countries such as language, immigration restrictions, cultural factors, and incompatible educational and professional qualifications. For example, people from Mexico who move to America. 10,000 people cross the Mexican order every week. People usually move to find a job, to avoid war, to find a better quality of life or to be closer to their friends or family.Those migrants often struggle to live in rural Mexico because they have to survive with very little money; most of the population is living in poverty. The lack of resources makes they live harder to gain money. They believe by moving to America they can get a better life. Rural Mexico doesn't have minimum wage like in America; what they make in a whole day at Mexico would be few hour work in the USA. Migrants are usually fathers Of big families that have to cross the border, then end home bunches of money or return to their homes.Some of them move to America in a legal way and some with an illegal way. Those who don't have valid passport and visa are willing to cross the desert that separates Mexico and America. Many people suffer dehydration when they are crossing and the border patrol may catch them. These migrants bring impacts on both Mexico and America. The impacts on America are local businesses have benefited as they have a source of cheap labor, Mexicans are willing to do anything, and Mexicans have brought their culture and food with them that makes Mexican DOD very popular in the LISA.However, The LISA government has to spend millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons due to illegal migrants (recently it has been a concern that there may be terrorists crossing the border. ) Mexicans also cause social problems due cultural and racial issues and also many Americans feel that Mexicans are taking their jobs. On the other side, Mexico has less of economically active people; young people tend to migrate and leave the old and the very young. In the final analysis, globalization can benefit people but it can cost people too.Indonesia been terrorized recently, more jobs are provided so people become wealthier. Quality of life in Indonesia is increasing; the government now has more money to spend because people can afford to buy more expensive things. Globalization is at its peak and it is clear that globalization cannot be stopped.

Admission Essay

I would like to get an admission in a dental school so that I can pursue a career that has always been my dream. I must say that I have had a vast experience and exposure on this profession dating back to my old days as a dental student in India. During that time, I worked in various government hospitals for a year. This enabled me get sufficient exposure on some of the dental ailments like tooth fractures, gingivitis and temporo mandibular disorders and how to treat them. Consequently I was exposed to the principles and ethics of dentistry that includes confidentiality, competence, being compassionate and portraying a high level of professionalism. These factors make me suitable for the career. In addition, I have worked with a re-knowned dentist, Dr. Swalan thus gaining more knowledge about dental surgery. I have worked with various people and I well understand the dentist-patient relationship and how this can be enhanced. It is important to note that am very conversant with the American Dental Association code of ethics that outlines the dos and don’ts of the profession. I have learnt quite a lot of things to date as for as dental surgery is concerned. I not only know about administering oral care, but also reconstructive and cosmetic services. I have also learnt that patience pays because many are times when dental patients endure pain for so long only for a Doctor to clear it in seconds. I was motivated into joining dentistry by my brother who was himself a dental student. His encouragement together with the invaluable support of Dr. Salwan made me develop a lot of interest in the profession. In my early childhood, I used to frequent dental clinics. This earlier exposure of this environment and the kind approach with which doctors exercised their duty thrilled me into making it a career dream. I was also made to understand that dentistry is an absolutely good income job that would enable me make ends meet in my life. In my present job as a dental assistant, I handle quite a number of tasks. These range from preparing the patients on behalf of the doctor to taking of X-rays for the patients. In addition, I clean patient’s teeth, receive payments and make bills. My goal is to learn more about dentistry and to become a professional dentist that one can reckon with. I do not want a case whereby am only referring patients to other doctors as a result of incompetence. I would rather look forward into learning all dental aliments and their treatment procedures/processes. As I sit besides the Doctor while administering treatment, I aspire to induce as many students as possible into joining this profession. I also dream of becoming a professional Dental surgeon myself, offering consultation services to other medics. If my admission is guaranteed I would be contented as my other goal of pursuing a practical job of which I am good at, shall have been accomplished. References Please use the references I had given you earlier.

Case Assignment (Business Ethics) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment (Business Ethics) - Case Study Example However in that process, they engaged themselves into practices which may not be termed as ethical in nature. The various issues which have been discussed in the article points towards various ethical lapses in the organization on systematic, organization and individual level. From the information provided in the Case study, there are various ethical issues involved in this case. A closer look at the facts would suggest that the company has a good past record where the employee relationship, cleanliness, good work practices were dominating forces within the organization however, the consolidation in the industry coupled with recession saw the tide turning as most of the meat processors in the country focused on improving their profitability which eventually resulted into cost cutting and a compromises on the quality of the meat produced as well as the internal work practices within those organizations. Further the whole situation with specific regard to the company changed when the ownership of the company changed forcing it to go through a change which was really painful not for the employees only but for the overall health of the organization also. The systems and procedures put in place within the organization suggest that there is a more stress on ensuring that the meat processing plants meet the targets of processing meat every day. In order to achieve the same, the systems and procedures within the organization was horrible as the processing of meat was done according to the standards. The health standards were not meet. This violation has further deteriorated the systems and procedures within the organization to a point where no proper standard operating procedures were put in place in terms of better work procedures. Blood usually were not been washed away every day. The assembly line was stuffed with lot of work to process i.e. approximately 400 cows per hour which greatly hampered the quality as more toxin materials were used to be split over the meat or piercing of other toxic organs of the cows resulting into their splitting over the meat seriously points towards the fact that on systematic level, there were lot of et hical issues which needed to be addressed. In order to correct the issues related with the systematic ethics, organization need to revamp its procedures. The assembly lines should be widened in order to lessen the work load on the existing employees so that the procedures can be performed efficiently, effectively by taking into account all the health related measures. One of the biggest disadvantages with the company is the fact its procedures do not allow the element of health of the consumers of its products to take precedence in deciding how the meat should be processed. Rather the focus is on generating volumes at the cost of health of the consumers. The operating procedures therefore need to revise in order to make them more ethical. Apart from that the overall hiring standards, employee relationships , the attitude of the line managers suggest that too much stress is being laid on unethical procedures where most of the time, migrants are