Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Example for Free

Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Ergonomics, derived from the root word ergon which means work and nomos which means laws, is the study of the related interaction of humans and the objects being used to perform a specific task, process, or function. It is considered system-oriented regulations and practices applicable to various facets of human activities. Its main concern is on optimizing human performances and well being at the same time achieving a desirable system output or performance. In a simple term, correct ergonomic design will prevent humans or workers from repetitive or continuous injuries due to strain or stress on a specific part of their bodies, which if not corrected will lead to a possible long-term injury or worst, disability. To achieve this objective, humans or the workers must â€Å"fit† to the given tasks or work. Their limitations and capabilities are given into account to ensure that the equipment, tasks, output information, and the environment will suit each worker. To access the person and their related work, the ergonomists (individual specializing on ergonomics design) considers the tasks being done and its related demands towards the worker; the necessary equipment (shape, size, process); and the information being used (how it is accessed, changed, or presented). Usually, ergonomists utilizes references from other field of disciplines such as mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and design, anthropometry, physiology, psychology, and biomechanics. Often times, the principles of Ergonomic can be seen on the innovation of the equipment or machine, and the creation or enhancement of safety procedures. The field of ergonomics is actually divided into three major domains: The Physical ergonomics, which is concerned with the human physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, and anthropometric characteristics, as they are associated to specific physical activities. Examples of which are the postures during work, layout of the workplace, health and safety, handling of materials, continuous repetitions of movement; the Cognitive part of ergonomics which is concerned with the mental activities such as memory, perception, reasoning and psychomotor responses, as these influences the inherent interactions between humans and the system (tasks, machines or equipment, and information). Examples of which are the human and computer interactions, decision making, and mental work stress and work load; the Organizational ergonomics which is concerned in optimizing systems with respect to organizational structures, processes, procedures, and policies. Examples of which are ergonomics within the community, crew communication and resource, quality management, virtual organizations, and teamwork. Aside from this three major domain, there are five aspects of ergonomics, which concerns on the following: Aesthenics – example is the signage used in the workplace in such a way that it would be pleasing and at the same time provides information will be very much accessible to the workers. Comfort – example is the design of an alarm clock should give emphasis on its contrast in the dark so that eyestrain can be avoided. Safety – example is the labeling on the bottle of medicine should be ergonomically designed in terms of color and size of letters so that the patient with impaired visions can see more clearly the dosage. Ease of use – example is the street light should be strategically and visually located to be accessible to the motorists so that possible accidents may be prevented. Performance and productivity – example is the use of a specific machine in the sense that the worker must be ergonomically situated to prevent accident and maximize performance and productivity. Consequences of ignoring ergonomics include some but not all of the following: strain and injuries, increase lost time, less output in production, high material and medical costs, absenteeism, increased probability of work-related errors and accidents, and low quality of work (Holland, 2000). History The foundation of ergonomics have been seen in the culture of the Ancient Greece around 5th Century in the design principles of their hand tools, and workplaces. Very eminent were the hand tools in the form of axes, adzes, cramps, vices, benches, planes, gouges and chisel, pliers, pincers saws, rasps, and files. The usual handle at that time was made of wood and the antlers of reindeers were sharpened to create a sharp edge. The wooden handle was not smooth and has curvatures to fit the grip of the user. The sharp edge was almost tied to be perpendicular to the handle so that the worker’s arm can have a thrust on the object being cut. Since ergonomic was not prevalent at that time, the design of the handle as well as the orientation of the sharp edge illustrates the principle of ergonomics. These materials were used during 6000 BC then at around 3000 BC bronze and copper materials replaced the sharp edges. Screw vices were eminent during the 17th century Roman and Greek period. pegs were driven unto pre-bored holes on top of the bench. Again these were made of wooden parts not until the early 19th century that it was replaced by metal cramps and the design was changed to a â€Å"G† cramp structure. Planes during the 17th and 18th century manifests carved decorations and scrolled handles. During the 19th century major improvements were made wherein double cutting edge and iron were designed to prevent tearing. Early hammers were in the form of simple hand- held stones and made of iron, bronze, and steel. The early Romans used nails that lead to the development of the claw hammer at present (Marmaras, 1999). The evolution of power tools began in 1813, when a shaker in the name of Sister Tabitha Babbit, had a vision of a teeth ringing around a rim of the wheel spinning. This led to the development of the principles of sawing. Before Babbitt’s vision, sawing usually comprised of two-long ripsaws handled by two workers from one end to another. The spinning wheel were soon incorporated by circular blade then later on being run by machines through electricity rather than being actually performed by humans. The principle of the spinning wheel design contributed to the innovation of the sawmill. Ergonomically, the two-long rip saw proved to be very inadequate for two workers were needed to accomplish the task. In the development of the spinning wheel, one person is only needed to accomplish the task enhancing productivity. In 1867, Wilhelm Fein developed the first power hand drill through incorporating a minute electric motor to able to drill. Ergonomically, both hands were used to hand drill cast- iron and heavy metals, and shoulder strap and breastplate were used to prevent injury. Justus Traut, an employee of Stanley Rule and Level co. , developed the first ergonomically designed handles designed to make tools easier to hold such as block planes and levels. The patent was known to be the â€Å"Hand-y† grooves. Edmund Michel and Joseph Sullivan, in 1923, created a circular saw, which was in the form of a power hand tool to cut specifically lumbers, which was eventually called the â€Å"Skillsaw†. The evolution of hand and power tools is vast that only brief descriptions are given above. The principles of ergonomics can be seen on every design with emphasis on the functionality and safety of the user. Innovations on the materials used were obvious and technology changes the type of materials, design, and procedures, in conjunction with sound ergonomics principles (Sanders, 1993). Ergonomics applied to Hand and Power Tools Tools are considered one of the equipment being used in everyday activities. Whether it is intended for work, house hold activities, or creating something during leisure times, the necessary knowledge on the nature of the tools, how it is being operated, its corresponding risks, and the proper ergonomic procedures should be considered. Usually, tools are manufactured with safety taken into consideration when it is being used by humans or by the workers, but it can still possibly pose relevant hazards when used inappropriately. Tools are categorized into two parts: The non-powdered tools which includes screw drivers, pry bars, wrenches, axes, etc. ; and the power tools, which utilizes electricity to become functional, includes, hydraulics, electric- pneumatic, and powder actuated. The applications of Ergonomics manifested on the safety of the user and to their co-workers, to the quality of work and the overall process. Hazards should be considered as a basis for an ergonomic recommendations and approaches. Hazards of Using Hand Tools The hazards of using hand tools may emanate from the user itself: improper handling and maintenance, and misuse. Ergonomic Recommendations Since the hazard on using hand tools greatly depend more on the nature and awareness of the user, the following ergonomic solutions are advised: †¢ The worker or the user has a direct responsibility for the maintenance, proper use, and safe conditions of the hand tools being used. †¢ The workers must be trained that sharp ends of the hand tools such as those of knives and saw blades should be kept directed away from other nearby workers. †¢ Scissors and knives should be kept sharp at all times since dull tools can be more dangerous than sharp ones. †¢ The working area or specifically the floors should be kept dry and clean at all times to prevent workers from accidentally slipping with a sharp hand tool on their hands. †¢ On working inside a flammable substance environment, spark-resistant tools should be made for hand tools such as aluminum, brass, plastics, or wood. Power Tools Hazards When not properly used, power tools can cause harm and injuries, since it is utilizing electricity to operate. Ergonomic Recommendations †¢ Avoid carrying the tool by using hose or cord. †¢ Do not attempt to pull the hose or the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle. †¢ Tools should be disconnected from the power source before charging or servicing parts. †¢ Both hands should be used to operate the tool; secure the work with a vise or clamp. †¢ Keep the finger away from the on button unless the tool is to be operated. †¢ Keep the manufacturer’s manual for maintenance instructions on lubrication and changing parts. †¢ Always maintain good stance or balance when utilizing power tools. †¢ Avoid wearing accessories that may interfere when using power tools. †¢ Tag tools that are defective and keep it away from the working tools. Different ergonomic approaches are also considered on Guards, electric tools, powered abrasive wheel tools, pneumatic tools, powder-actuated tools, hydraulic tools, and jack hammers. Guard †¢ The safety guard should never be removed whenever a power tools is in operation. Electric tools †¢ These tools should have a three-wired cord with the third wire being the grounding wire to avoid electric shock. †¢ Always operate electric tools within the limit of their design specifications. †¢ Always wear protective gloves, and safety shoes. †¢ Store the tools in a dry and secured place. †¢ Do not operate the tools on wet or damp places to avoid electric shock. †¢ The working area should be well illuminated. Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools These tools are used for cutting, grinding, and polishing where when utilized may throw off fragments that can harm workers. Whenever this kind of power tool is used, always bear in mind the following ergonomic recommendations: †¢ Always use protection goggles for the eyes. †¢ Do not stand directly in line with the front wheel not until it reached its full working speed. †¢ The wheel should be inspected before mounting it to the tool. †¢ Turn off the power when the tool is not in use. †¢ Never use vise on clamping hand-held grinders. Pneumatic Tools The different types of pneumatic tools are hammers, drills, sanders, and chippers, and usually use compressed air to operate. The hazard of which is that a worker may be stroked by one of the tools fastener or attachments. Given below are some of the ergonomic recommendations. †¢ Always wear eye goggles for protection, ear buds for protection and a face guard. †¢ The hose should be checked if it is fastened securely †¢ A retainer or a safety clip must be installed to prevent the attachments from being drawn towards the barrel. †¢ Protective screens should be set up to protect nearby workers from the fragments †¢ Avoid pointing pneumatic tools directly towards another person or workers. Powder- Actuated Tools This kind of power tools should be treated with extreme caution and only trained personnel can use such tools. Hydraulic Tools †¢ Only use approved fire resistant fluid that can retain its properties when exposed. †¢ Do not exceed the recommended manufacturer’s operating pressure. Jacks †¢ All jacks must always have a form of a safety device that will enable the tool to stop. †¢ The load limit must not be exceeded. †¢ Secure the base to be stable and on a level surface. †¢ Proper maintenance should be observed: regular lubrications and checking on parts for damages. Given above are only some, but not all, of the safety procedures that must be observed in using hand and power tools. These relatively illustrate several safety practices based on the probable hazards among the workers. Since one of the major concerns of ergonomics is the safety of the workers, the procedures above â€Å"fits† workers and equipment to achieve desired result with minimal loss or injury. Generally workers using hand and power tools can be categorized into three model groups: the professionals who are skilled on using such tools; the so-called itinerant worker who is considered to be skilled and trained but with less experience and mostly self-thought; and the last is the one who only purchased a power tool for home use with no professional training after all. Since the first model comprised the professional groups, they can be considered as a skilled worker having sufficient knowledge and training on using such tools. Ergonomic considerations for such users should be emphasized on the safety functions of the tools such as limiting shields, retracting guards, safety catches, locks, and automatic stops. However, on the second and on the third model group, an awareness of the safety standards is a must aside from the safety features of the tools. These safety standards usually contained in the Occupational Safety and Health Hazards lists the minimal requirements on power hand tools. Examples of such are the following: Portable Circular Saws – These tools should be equipped with a guard below and above the base shoe or plate. Swing or Sliding Cut-off Saws – these tools should be provided with a hood that will totally enclose the upper half portion of the saw. Electric Power operated tools – these tools should have double insulation or be grounded accordingly. Hand Tools unsafe hand tools should not be given permit; impact tools should be inspected free of mushroom heads; wooden handles should be free from defects or cracks. Aside from the safety standards, practices and procedures for hand and power tools, several ergonomic innovations are being created to increase the safety of the workers especially for the third model group. Several examples of ergonomic innovations on hand and power tools are the Craftsman’s Twin cutter (Fig. 1), the Arbortech Allsaw 150 (Fig. 2), and the Saw stop system (Fig. 3). These innovations, intended mostly for the third model group, provides safety, and improved functionality to achieve comfortable handles, better balance, and self-holding triggers. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Conclusion To eventually avoid the possible hazards associated in using power tools, the workers must learn how to recognize the relevant risks in using such equipment and its safety procedures on handling and using such. All workers must be trained in using hand and power tools to avoid accidents. Safety helmets, goggles, ear buds, and uniforms must be provided to workers exposed on splashing fragments caused by the power tools. Hazardous areas where the power tools are being used should also be in consideration to avoid accidents. Different power tools innovations are now being considered to provide safety and functionality to those who are not a skilled user or worker. Over all, principles of ergonomics apply to broad applications: safety and innovations are some of the very applications of this in relation of utilizing hand and power tools. REFERENCES Hollands, James (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Prentice Hall. Karl, Kroemer (2001). Ergonomics : How to Design for Ease and Efficiency (2nd Ed. ). Prentice Hall International Marmaras, Nathaniel (1999). Ergonomic Design in Ancient Times. Prentice Hall. Sanders, Mark and McCormick, Ernest (1993). Human Factors in Engineering and Design (7th Ed. ). McGraw Hill International. Stanton, Nate (2005). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Models. CRC Press Tilley, Alvin (2002). The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. McGraw Hill.

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency?

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency? The monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian Countries from July 1996 affected the development of the Indonesian economy. Apparently, the Indonesian economy was not able to face the global crisis engulfing the world. Indonesias economic crisis began with the weakening of the rupiah against the US dollar. On August 1st, 1997, the rupiah fell from 2,575 to 2,603 per dollar. In December 1997, the value of the rupiah against the US dollar fell to 5,000 per dollar. Soon, in March 1998, the rupiah continued to weaken and reached the lowest point, 16,000 per dollar. Adam (2000) argues that it seems Indonesias economic crisis could not be separated from a variety of conditions, namely (1) Indonesia foreign debt was very large. Although, the debt is not fully national debt, which means some parts are private debt, but it had a great effect on worsening the economic crisis . (2) Industrialization; the New Order government wanted to make Indonesia an industrialized country. The desire was not i n accordance with real conditions of Indonesian society, which was predominantly agrarian with a very low level of education. (3) The centralized administration of the New Order government meant that all policies were determined from Jakarta. Therefore, the crucial role of local governments only served as an extension of the central government. However, by the year of 2009 Indonesian economic development had become more stable than before. In fact, when most countries in the world experiencing negative economic growth, Indonesias GDP growth rate reached 4.5 percent (Indonesian Central Statistic Agency, 2010). This put Indonesia as one of the three best performing countries in economic terms the following year, in addition to China and India. Based on second Quarterly Indonesian Economic Growth Report in 2010, Indonesias high economic growth, supported by increased of exports, investment recovery, and maintained the level of public consumption (Indonesia Central Statistic Agency, 2010). Based on the largest Indonesian online newspaper Kompas.com, in August 2010, due to economic growth and stability, the Central Bank of Indonesia planned to perform a redenomination of rupiah . Redenomination could be conducted in a situation in which macro-economic conditions, economic growth and inflation were stable and under control. Redenomination, in this case, means reducing digits (zeros) without reducing the value of those currencies. For example, the 1,000-rupiah bill would become 1 new rupiah in order to simplify the denomination (floating) currency into smaller fragments. With this simplification simultaneously carried out also on the prices of goods, this process would not change peoples purchasing power (Ioana, 2005). Based on E. Borensztein and J.D. Gregorio (1999) research paper I can explained that in redenomination, the value of money for goods has not changed; only the way of writing the reference and floating currencies are changed and adjusted. This is different from devaluation, where the value of money for goods became smaller, because it cuts the value of the goods . Devaluation done in the event of very high inflation and macroeconomic conditions are not healthy. Some examples of redenomination: for one liter of petrol price currently at Rp. 4,500 per liter, if redenomination cut up to three digits (three zeros), then that must be paid about (new) Rp. 4.5 for 1 liter of petrol due to the price of one liter of petrol is also expressed the same in fractional units. While sanering, if there is sanering per thousand rupiah, then by Rp. 4.5 can only purchase 1/1000 or 0.001 liters of gasoline . The principal aim of currency redenomination is to simplify fractions and to make it more efficient and comfortable in transactions (Oluba, 2008). Besides that, currency redenomination could make economic disparity within regional countries looks more equal and could overcome criticisms like that from Fox News (2008) , which claimed that Indonesias currency was among the worlds worst ten. Therefore, this paper will argue that Indonesia should redenominate its currency because of its positive impact on society and its economic influences within the region. Economic Impact of Redenomination Redenomination might have a direct impact on the Indonesian economy. Mas (1995, p. 487) shows that during the transition period, redenomination is a very expensive and time consuming practice. Mas goes on to say that, at first, redenomination increases transaction time. However, despite the claims of like Mas who argue that, during the transition period, redenomination increases transaction time, Ahmad Bello (2007, p. 10) points out that in the accounting field, management will spent less time in evaluating and digitalizing financial data. Furthermore, while indeed it is possible that redenomination may cause changing prices in labels,menusand catalogs,, technical and operational problems arising from the use of figures with multiple zeros could soon be settled. This could help in developing the custom of using coins. Third, it is undeniable that changing the currency denomination may also necessitate change the balance sheets and accounting records. On the other hand, by using minim um number of zeros it would possibly be advantageous for businesses, as it would make things easier in terms of financial data input and reporting financial information and also business transaction process ( Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 11). However, Mas (1995, p. 487) mentions that currency redenomination has no direct impact on the economy or has little economic significance. The reason for this is that, as long as the value of the currency remains absolutely constant, and the ability to buy remains the same, the demand and supply services will not change means that there is no impact on macro and micro economic aspect; net investment, government spending, balance of payments and net exports will only suffer very little impact; and on household consumption level, the dissimilarity between pre and post redenomination currency will not be clearly seen as there is only minor psychological problems in related with customs. (Mosley, 2002; Zabuliene, 2005; Ncube, 2007; Lead Capital Limited, 2007) Psychological Effect on Redenomination Psychological worries may occur to Indonesian people that the currency may go back to multiple zeros after redenomination due to inflation. This is suggested by evidence that lower income levels psychologically suffer most of the effects of redenomination (Simge Tarhan, 2006). Evidence for this is that redenomination may generates artificial inflation in low price goods which the poor often buys. (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 14) . For example, in Nigeria, a N163 commodity in the present Naira becoming N1.63 may suddenly be charged at new N2 if the coins which would need to be used for the new transactions are not well-accepted, as it appears to be the case with the coins currently in circulation. However, Ahmad Bello (2007, p.6) believes that the psychological effect, which creates a sense of identity, is the most common reasons for a country engaging in currency redenomination. Similarly, Cohen (2004) posits that a national currency not only facilitates economic transactions but affects c itizens identity and subsequently the legitimacy of the national government . Lost of Value after Redenomination Layna Mosley (2005, p. 10) mentioned that there were concerns about people starting to view their currencies as diminished in value, both economically and symbolically. Data to support this is that, Aluko (2007) provides list of many African and non-African countries whose citizens almost lost confidence in their currencies. According to him, as at July 2007, a US dollar ($1) exchanges 9270 cedi in Ghana, 9426 rupiah in Indonesia, 9861 franc/ariari in Madagascar, 10184 kip in Lao and 15921 dong in Vietnam. However, it has been argued that most common objective of redenomination is to ensure credibility (Layna Mosley, 2005, p. 6). Furthermore, certain governments adopt redenomination strategies in order to improve their monetary sovereignty and control tendency for currency substitution. On the grounds that, transition to single-digit inflation could restore the credibility of currency. In fact, research shows that enhanced credibility can improve government electoral fortunes, as cit izens reward economic growth and macroeconomic discipline (Armijo, 1996; Stokes, 2002 in Mosley, 2005); and it can improve a governments treatment as a borrower, as a location for private investment, and as a defender of an exchange rate in the eyes of global capital markets (Leblang, 2002; Jensen, 2005). Redenomination As A Solution Strategy Mosley (2005, p.1) argues that a few countries with high inflation level do not consider currency redenomination as a strategy. Indeed, some countries are very cautious about redenomination (Ishiekwene, 2007). For example, since the beginning year of 1997, South Koreas won has fallen to 932 to a dollar , Hungarys forint is 216, and Japans yen is 117, yet these countries put aside redenomination as their solution (Araki, 2001; Mosley, 2005). If there is going to be high inflation in the future, this redenomination program will only be an extra cost to the economy. However, currency redenomination is usually done when countries are experiencing hyper-inflationary pressures which have the effect of making its local currency unattractive (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 1). Simge Tarhan (2006) provides a clear case of hyper-inflation in Turkey where a bottle of drinking water cost 300,000 TL, a movie ticket 7,500,000 TL, Toyota Corolla: 32,900,000,000 TL (32 billion), and GDP in 2002: 273,463,167, 795,000,000 TL (273 quadrillion) before the old Lira was redenominated by removing six zeros. Aluko (2007) cites the example of Zimbabwe that experienced years of inflation that hit 1200% a year. Determination in bringing inflation down to single digits permanently could be better comprehended. In some cases, if the timing was correct, redenomination could cap off high levels of inflation. Redenomination As A Solution Mechanism Ignacio Mas (1995) states that currency redenomination has been used as a solution mechanism throughout history. The reason for this is that redenomination often occurs after economic crises, as governments attempt to convince citizens and markets that hyperinflation is a thing of the past (Mosley, 2005, p. 1). According to Ishiekwene (2007), historical evidence suggests that redenomination had been very successful in an environment of macroeconomic stability, declining inflation, stable exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence and rational expectations of policy credibility. Conclusion Overall, I would recommend that Indonesia should redenominate its currency, since redenomination generates little impact on both macro and micro economic. In addition, redenomination affects rupiah appearance looks more attractive which increases citizens pride and confidence for their national identity, whereas, it could also influences the legitimacy of the national government. Furthermore, based on historical evidence, redenomination is very common strategy in the past to overcome hyperinflation and also to increase the credibility of currency in a stable macro and micro economic, declining inflation, exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence conditions. When the timing is perfect, redenomination could cap off low level value currency to reach its dignity. Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia. Orwell does this by emotionally enlightening the audience of Winstons day to day life of love, pain, hurt and accomplishment. Winston and Julia share a secret relationship that eventually contributes to Winstons tragic fate of ultimately being alone and loving Big Brother. Whilst Winston was being tortured in The Ministry Of Love he painfully overcame his hate towards Big Brother and was brainwashed into loving Big Brother like the rest of the citizens of Airstrip one. This, therefore, means nobody can disapprove Big Brothers horrific behaviour laws. However there are other factors that contribute to his downfall. Winston tries on many different occasions to reclaim past memories; this involves keeping an illegal diary, which is later used against him in room 101. The strict rules and regulations that govern the citizens lives enforced by Big Brother contributed to Winstons fate. Without such str ict rules Winston and Julias relationship would not have been forbidden and there would be no need for them to sneak around, and eventually be caught and punished. Winston also rents a room in the parole area of town with Julia, which they believe is a safe and private place, but blatantly find out they arent in solitude, their every move was being documented. With the strict regulations prohibiting relationships both Julia and Winston find themselves thrown into the Ministry of Love where Winston is tortured and goes insane. These actions are factors that lead to Winstons fate, however it is ultimately his relationship with Julia that is responsible for his tragic fate. Winstons relationship with Julia can be seen as the ultimate reason for his fate. Although the strict rules enforced frustrated Winston, he didnt learn to adapt well to the rules, therefore his uncontrollable actions of continuing to see Julia ultimately lead to his tragic fate. Winston and Julia build up a very trustworthy secret relationship, after she gives him a note that reads I love you, which they both new was extremely illegal. Whilst their affair was blooming Winstons ulcer stopped being inflamed and his health improved dramatically, opposite to when he was in the Ministry Of Love. This shows that when he was taken away from his lover his tragic fate started to form. They continued seeing each other for a long period of time and proceeded in renting a room to have private sexual intercourse. Julia and Winstons relationship is very organized and secret. Winstons relationship with Julia is one of the main reasons that lead to Winstons fate. If Winston had never broken the rules and met or read Julias note it is arguable that he could still hate and not respect Big Brother. Instead after coming out of being tortured in room 101 his views and beliefs change dramatically about Big Brother, he believes that Big Brother is god and is mesmerized to believe whatever Big Brother implies is correct. Winston and Julia rent a room in the parole area of town. They believe it is a very private room because it has no visible telescreens, however they were wrong. They got caught and where punished and separated in The Ministry of Love whilst being tortured. This lead to Winstons fate in room 101 where OBrien horrifically tortured him with his very own words from his diary. As a result of pursuing a relationship with Julia, he was being forced to love and respect Big Brother and his choices, his feelings for Julia decreased. OBrien used Winstons dia ry entries against him along with torturing Winston with Rats, this lead Winston to choose life over Julia there was just one person to whom he could transfer his punishment. One body who he could thrust between himself and the rats. He was shouting frantically over and over. Do it to Julia. Do it to Julia, not to me. I dont care what you do to her. Rip her face off. Strip her to the bone. Not to me Julia not me! This positions the readers to feel sorry for Winston and shows the readers that enough torturing and your beliefs and relationships quickly change and crumble drastically. Furthermore whilst Winston was in the Ministry of Love he became very weak and physically ill, he got extremely sick and could hardly move and didnt eat. Winston is obsessed with reclaiming past memories. This obsession contributed to Winstons fate because of his blatant disregard for the rules, as it is illegal to reclaim past memoires. He cannot accept that the past is gone and is being changed right in front of him. Winston buys a diary from Mr. Charingtons shop. The diary helps him remember his day to day activates and own individual history and language, however he address each diary entire to OBrien, because he feels they are friends and he can trust him. OBrien later uses Winstons diary against him in the Ministry Of Love. Not only did Winston lose his relationship with Julia he also lost his relationship with OBrien, as he betrayed Winston. OBrien reads and re -reads phrases Winston had written in his diary using them against him, forcing happy memoires never to be remembered again His soul, white as snow. OBrien also strategically tortures Winston with rats, because Winston had mentioned in his diary that his greatest fear of all was rats. Which lead to Winston losing his mind and lead to his disastrous fate. The diary allowed OBrien to know what would really hurt Winston and therefore increased the intensity of his torture, and contributed to his mental and physical state. However these rules were reality and Winstons stubbornness of not accepting them and having a relationship with Julia led to his fate. Overall George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia and demonstrates that not only does Julia and Winstons secret relationship contribute to his tragic fate, but in some way Winston brought it upon himself by refusing to let go of past memories and refusing to accept the strict rules which govern his life. Winstons actions as a result of this refusal such as buying the dairy and renting the room lead to his demise. After he was caught having a secret relationship and his diary was used against him as a form of personal torture. However ultimately it is this secret relationship shared with Julia that is responsible for his fate of going insane and becoming mentally sick but most of all He had won the victory over himself. He loved big brother. Winston fate ended up being mesmerised by Big Brother just like everybody else in Airstrip one all because of Julia.

The Elegant Universe :: essays research papers

Part I: The Edge of Knowledge Chapter 1: Tied Up with Strings This is the introductory section, where the author, Brian Greene, examines the fundamentals of what is currently proven to be true by experimentation in the realm of modern physics. Green goes on to talk more about "The Basic Idea" of string theory. He describes how physicists are aspiring to reach the Theory of Everything, or T.O.E. Some suspect when string theory is completely understood that it might turn out to become the T.O.E.Part II: The Dilemma of Space, Time, and Quanta Chapter 2: Space, Time, and the Eye of the Beholder In the chapter, Greene describes how Albert Einstein solved the paradox about light. In the mid-1800's James Maxwell succeeded in showing that light was actually an electromagnetic wave. From this he concluded that light always travels at the speed of light. It never slows down. Einstein asked the question: "What happens if we chase after a beam of light, at light speed?" From reasoning based on Newton's laws of motion, one can assume that the light would appear stationary. But according to Maxwell's theory, light cannot be stationary. Einstein solved this problem through his special theory of relativity. Greene continues with his explanations of the special theory of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green begins the chapter by describing "Newton's View of Gravity" and continues by discussing the incompatibility of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The author also talks about how Einstein discovered the link between acceleration and the warping of space and time. Greene also discuses the basic aspects of General Relativity. He later points out how the two theories of relativity effect black holes, the big bang, and the expansion of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This chapter describes, in detail, the workings of quantum mechanics. The author tells of how waves are effected by quantum mechanic. He also discusses the fact that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are actually particles and waves. He continues to discuss how matter particles are also matter, but because of their h bar, is so small, the effects are not seen. Green concludes the quantum mechanics discussion by talking about the uncertainty principle.Chapter 5: The need for a New Theory: General Relativity vs. Quantum Mechanics This chapter compares the theory of general relativity and quantum mechanics. It shows that relativity mainly concerns that microscopic world, while quantum mechanics deals with the microscopic world.

Eating Disorders and Female Athletes Essay -- Research Anorexia Nervos

Eating Disorders and Female Athletes INTRODUCTION Athletes are among the quickest, strongest, most flexible people in the world, so one would expect them to adhere to the latest health and fitness information, right? Not always. The problem is that the athletes often believe that more fit equals less fat. The death of Olympic gymnast Christy Henrich from anorexia nervosa began to bring the topic of athletes and eating disorders to the forefront. Research into the topic of eating disorders and athletes shows a few interesting findings. Most of the studies focus on women and specific sports, namely gymnastics, figure skating, diving, and other weight-dependent sports. Some research, however, shows prevelance findings of eating disorders in female athletes congruent with the general population. FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD The female athlete triad of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis affects many active women, especially those in sports that emphasize appearance or leanness. Physical signs and symptoms include unexplained recurrent or stress fracture, dry hair, low body temperature, lanugo, and fatigue (Joy, Clark, Ireland, Martire, Nattiv, and Varechok, 1997). Prevalence of the triad is hard to assess because data is limited to a few studies. In the United States, studies suggest, (based on limited data) a prevalence in female athletes between 15 percent and 62 percent (Dummer, Rosen, Heusner, et. al 1987; Rosen, Hough 1988; Rosen, McKeag, Hough, et. al, 1986). Women who have the triad can typically be characterized as being a perfectionist with high goals, being very critical of herself and having very high expectations, and having fairly low self esteem (Nattiv, 1997). Most of the women with the triad ar... ...ician and Sportsmedi5, 95-109. O'Connor, P., Lewis, R., Kirchner, E., & Cook, D. (1996). Eating Disorder Symptoms in Former Female College Gymnasta: Relations With Body Composition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 64, 840-846. Petri, T., & Stoever S. (1993). The Incidence of Bulimia Nervosa and Pathogenic Weight Control Behaviors in Female College Gymnasts. Research Quarterly in Exercise and Sport , 56, 245-250. Rhea, D., Jambor, E., Wiginton, K. (1996). Preventing Eating Disorders in Female Athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 67, 66-70. Rosen, L., & Hough, D. (1988). Pathogenic Weight Control Behaviors in Female College Gymnasts. Physician and Sportsmedicine , 16, 141-146. Rosen, L., & McKeag, D. (1986). Pathogenic Weight Control Behaviors in Female Athletes. Physician and Sportsmedicine , 14, 79-86.

Consider La Belle Dame sans Merci and To Autumn by John Keats Essay

Consider La Belle Dame sans Merci and To Autumn by John Keats John Keats was born in 1795 and died in 1821. He lived a short life as he suffered from tuberculosis, and died in his early twenties. Keats is one of the great Romantic poets of the early 19th century. Most of his poetry was crammed into the last few years of his life, which is why some of his poems relate death. He had a great love for nature, which was always included in his poetry in some way. He saw his mother and his brother die of TB when he was younger so when he realised he too had the illness he knew what was in store. He went to live in Italy because many people believed that the temperature would help the illness. This is when are where he wrote the two poems we will be comparing, le belle dams sand merci and to autumn. His poem ‘La Belle Dams sans Merci,’ meaning ‘A Beautiful Woman without Merci,’ is about knight falling in love with an evil fairy. Throughout the poem it describes the knight’s feelings and what he sees. It ends very openly as we are not sure whether it all really happened or whether it was a dream. The nature of the poem is very deeply described and even the people included in the poem are compared to nature, ‘she found me roots of relish sweet.’ The knight in the poem suffers from symptoms such as, ‘alone and palely loitering,’ the paleness is a symptom that is a sign of TB so maybe Keats is saying that he is the knight. Another symptom of tb that keats would have had to live with is ‘with anguish moist and fever dew,’ meaning he was in pain and coming down with a fever and is clammy. The atmosphere in ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ changes throughout the poem. At the beginning it seems very slow and depress... ...does not rush, but the rhythm in ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ is slow and heavy and perhaps suggests the weakness of the knight as if he had been robbed of all his strength. The rhyme of ‘To Autumn’ is regular and may reflect the regularity of seasons throughout the year. Whereas, as the rhyme of ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ is regular yet predictable. The repetition in the last line of certain stanzas gives the poem a melancholic tone, ‘on a cold hill’s side.’ Finally, in ‘To Autumn’ there is a positive attitude towards death, as if it is known and acceptable to be a part of life and as a part of life’s cycle. But in ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci’ Keats attitude to death is bitterer and not as acceptable. It is possible that the lady in the poem is a metaphor for his illness which is something which he came across and has stolen the rest of his life from him.

Civic Participation and Voter Turnout Essay

Interaction in social networks has a strong, influence on whether or not individuals participate in voting and other political activism. Social interaction creates unique opportunities for individuals to learn about politics. It allows them to learn about various and differing views on political issues thus supporting the political activity of many people. It is my supposition that participation is dependent on the amount of political discussion that occurs within various social networks. Analyzing these interactions can provide a window into social networks and active political participation. It also shows that such interactions play a crucial role in explaining the role of other that predict participation, such as group membership, high school civic participation and individual resources. First, when and how do social networks make people politically active? Second, is the impact of informal interaction in those networks distinct from that of formal social organizations? Finally, how much does a social network model of involvement add to our theoretical and substantive understanding of how people become involved in politics? There really are two social network trends. The first is formal social interaction which is formal groups such as churches, social clubs and other formal organizations. These formal interactions develop many of our civic skills and expose people to more larger political opinions. The second in informal social interaction such as barbecues, parties and other interactions that are not in formal groups. These informal conversations expose people to political information from their surrounding social network. The implication is that social interaction can make people more active in politics when it exposes them to politically-relevant information. Social discussion exposes people to a wide range of information that may influence decisions to participate, such as information about how desirable it is to participate. (McClurg, 2003). Discussions with friends who are interested or active in politics can help people learn about the reasons for participating while reinforcing the idea that such behavior is desirable among one’s peers. People also may be exposed to information about the how politics works and how a person participates. Information about which candidate to support, why to support that candidate, when the candidate is holding a rally, or even how to just get involved are all types of information that can be effectively exchanged by these varying social interactions. Social interaction exposes people to a different set of politically-relevant information and stimuli than they possess individually. (McClurg, 2003). Individual understanding, information, resources, and ability are limited because there is just oneself to process information. Social interaction with other people gives one another opportunity to develop thoughts and resources that lower the barriers to political participation. â€Å"Consequently, social resource supplement (rather than supplant) the person resources and abilities that make participation likely. † (McClurg, 2003). Over the past 50 years in the United States, there has been a decline in many important facets of civic participation. Particularly troubling has been the steady decrease in the percentage of adults voting in local and national elections, a trend that has been extensively documented. In 1996, there were 13 million voters registered to vote however, only 49% of those people turned out for the general election which was the lowest turnout since 1924. (Voting Patterns). Again in 2000 only 50% of the voters turned out for the general election. The following is the presidential voter turnout rates from 1948 to 2008.

Gay Marriages Make Them Legal: Rebuttal Essay

Thomas Stoddard’s Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal, has some valid points, but I am not convinced nor persuaded to agree that gay marriages should be legalized. Stoddard begins with the sad story of a gay couple. Karen Thompson and Sharon Kowalski who exchanged vows that were not recognized by the government, and were living with each other in a committed relationship until Kowalski was struck by a drunk driver, which left her paralyzed and unable to communicate more than a few words at a time (para 2). Thompson sought legal guardianship over her partner, which was denied, when Kowalski’s parents opposed the petition and were granted sole guardianship. Once Kowalski’s parents received guardianship over her they moved her to a nursing home 300 miles away from her partner and forbade all visits between the two (para 3). The story of Thomas and Kowalski is a sad story that no couple, gay or straight, should have to endure; however, I don’t believe legalizing gay marriages would have given their story a different outcome. Case in point: Terri Schiavo who was diagnosed by doctors as being in a persistent vegetative state stayed alive for several years via life-support despite the request of her husband to remove the support and allow Terri to expire arguing that his wife would not want to be kept alive by artificial means. Michael Schiavo petitioned the court to have his wife’s feeding tube removed; he was opposed by Terri’s parents Robert and Mary Schindler who argued she was conscious. The court ruled in Michael’s favor and had the feeding tubes removed only to have it reinstated after the Schindler’s filed an appeal. The appeal process went on from 2001 to 2005. After all attempts of appeals the court system upheld the original decision to remove the feeding tubes; 13 days later Terri died. Despite being the husband of Terri Schiavo Michael had to go through 14 appeals, 5 lawsuits, and numerous motions, going all the way up to the Supreme Court to have his wishes for his wife set forth. Being the legal husband of Teri made no difference, before he could allow his wishes to be set forth he had to do his due diligence in court. If Thompson would have sought all legal options and exhausted all of her appeals, it is possible that her case could have had a different outcome. Having their marriage legalized may not have given her the outcome she petitioned the court for, thus weakening the reasons behind legalizing gay marriage. The United States of America is based on Christian principles and in this country marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between a man and a woman and we should uphold those beliefs. Homosexual marriage should not be encouraged, it confuses children about gender roles and weakens the definition and respect for the institution of marriage. If gay marriage were legal we would have to ask ourselves if it is in the best interest for the entire county. Stoddards has a point when he argues â€Å"The decision whether or not to marry belongs properly to individuals – not the government (para 6). Most would argue that the government does have the right to say what is legal and what is not. However, not all that is legal is moral, especially if it promotes moral deterioration of American society. For instance even though abortion is legal does it mean it’s moral? Our country should focus on things that are moral whether than the things we as a people feel are fair. If we legalize gay marriage, is that not a gateway for other immoral behavior? If that is the case, how then, do we expect to bring up future generation with morals and family values? Children learn about expectations of gender roles from their parents first, then society. It is difficult for parents to teach the importance and traditions of the family when the confusion of homosexual marriage is thrust upon them. Legalizing gay marriages will not set a good example for future generations. It will confuse our youth and encourage unhealthy behavior. For instance, an issue analysis done by Family Research Council advocating Faith, Family, and Freedom showed that the life expectancy at age twenty for gay and bisexual men is eight to twenty years fewer than for all men (FRC). In addition the Suicide Prevention Resource Center estimates that between thirty and forty percent of gay, and lesbian youth depending on age and sex groups, have attempted suicide and are four times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people (SPRC). With such statistics we should not allow our children to grow up believing that living a homosexual lifestyle is a healthy choice. If we do, it is possible these statistics will rise causing a larger percentage of our youth to die young. According to Stoddard â€Å"A married person can share in a spouse’s estate when there is no will. She is typically entitled to the group insurance and pension programs offered by the spouse’s employer, and she enjoys tax advantages† (para 5). Although these advantages are important, they are not as important as keeping our youth alive with good family morals and values. Lisa Schiffren in â€Å"Gay Marriage, an Oxymoron† had a valid point when she argued â€Å"Same – sex marriage is inherently incompatible with our culture’s understanding of the institution. Marriage is essentially a lifelong compact between a man and a woman committed to sexual exclusivity and the creation and nature of offspring. For most Americans, the marital union – as distinguished from other sexual relationships and legal and economic partnership – is imbued with an aspect of holiness (Schiffren 754)†. Allowing immoral acts that go against our country’s beliefs and value does not instill morals in our youth. Instead it will lead to our youth growing up with the mindset that anything goes and that there are no standards to live by; if they believe in it – it is justified. In order to preserve the values of the United Sates we, as a nation should guide our youth to follow our Constitution which is built on Christian faith. Although Stoddard and other gay rights advocates may argue that the government has no say in who shall marry and that same sex marriage will represent equality in all – they are not looking at foundation of this country. â€Å"Society cares about stability in heterosexual unions because it is critical for raising healthy children and transmitting the values that are the basis of our culture (Schiffren 724)†. Stoddard’s argument to legalize gay marriages based on allowing homosexuals to have the right to enjoy the benefits and laws of marriage is not strong enough to have the country’s values and beliefs compromised. We have to set the standard for our future; not doing so could lead to a nation where laws and values are not valued. Our youth would grow up confused on gender roles, not valuing the country’s Christian principles, and this country’s definition of marriage being defined as a religious and legal commitment between a man and a woman. Although we all have the right to commit ourselves to whomever we choose, one should not expect our country’s values and laws to change because he/she chooses to live outside of them. Works Cited Lane, Diane. â€Å"The Whole Terri Schiavo Story.† WND. N.p., 24 Mar. 2005. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Negative Health Effects of Homosexuality.† The Negative Health Effects of Homosexuality. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Suicidal Behavior among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth.† SPRC. American Association of Suicidology (AAS), 2012. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. Barnet, Sylvan, Hugo Adam. Bedau, and Thomas Stoddard. â€Å"Gay Marriage Make Them Legal.† Current Issues and Enduring Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking and Argument, with Readings. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. N. pag. Print Schiffren, Lisa. â€Å"Marriage: What Is Its Future.† Current Issues and Enduring Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking and Argument, with Readings. By Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Adam. Bedau. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002. 723-24. Print